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authority records

Malina, Frank J.

  • Person
  • 1912/10/12 - 1981/11/09

Frank Joseph Malina was born in Brenham, Texas, USA, on October 12, 1912. He received a Bachelor of Sciences in Mechanical Engineering from the Texas Agricultural & Mechanical College in 1934. He then continued his studies at the California Institute of Technology (CIT), earning a Masters of Science in Mechanical Engineering in 1935, a Masters of Science in Aeronautical Engineering in 1936, and a Ph.D. in Aeronautics in 1940. He served as an Assistant Professor at CIT from 1942-1946.

During his academic and professional career at CIT, Malina and colleagues founded the Rocket Research Project at the Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory (GALCIT). “From 1940 to 1944 Malina was the chief engineer of the Air Corps Jet Propulsion Research Project of GALCIT; in 1944 these projects became the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)” (American National Biography Online). Malina was the first director of the Laboratory from 1944-1946. His work in rocketry led to the launch of the WAC Corporal in 1945, the United States’ first successful high altitude sounding rocket. (Personnel File). In 1949, when boosted on the nose of a captured V-2 German rocket, the WAC Corporal became the first man-made object to reach outer space. (American National Biography Online).

“In 1944 and in 1946 Malina travelled to Britain and France on mission as a scientific consultant for the U.S. War Department for European Missions” (Americal National Biography Online).

Malina joined UNESCO on April 18, 1947 as a Programme Specialist (Counsellor) in the Natural Sciences Section. He was made Deputy Head of the Department on March 15, 1949, and then was appointed Head of the Division of Scientific Research on June 1, 1949. The Division had several name changes, but when Malina resigned from UNESCO effective February 10, 1953, it was named the Contribution to Research Division. Among his activities at UNESCO, Malina worked on the Hylean Amazon Project and the Arid Zone Programme, which he described in his resignation letter as being “especially close to my heart.” (Personnel File).

Among his honours, Malina was awarded the French Prix d’Astronautique in 1939, a Certificate of Commendation from the U.S. Army in 1946, the C.M. Hickman Award of the American Rocket Society in 1948, and the Order of Merit from the French Society for the Encouragement of Research and Invention in 1962.

Also an artist, after his time at UNESCO Malina seemed to focus on his art work. He was a pioneer of kinetic art, incorporating electric light into paintings or mobiles (Personnel file). He began to also incorporate sound into his works in the 1960s (WAP Unit Website). Malina’s exhibited his work internationally at major institutions such as the Centre National d'Art Contemporain (Paris) and the Smithsonian Institute (Washington, DC, USA). One of his works, Ladders to the Stars III, 1965, is in the UNESCO works of art collection. In 1968, Malina founded the art journal Leonardo and served as Chief Editor until his death. Malina died November 9, 1981.

Mann, Thomas

  • Person
  • 1875-1955

Thomas Mann was born in Lübeck, Germany, in 1875. He studied literature, economics, history and art history at Lübeck and Munich, to become a journalist. While spending a year in Italy he began to write his novel Buddenbrooks, which was later published in 1901. He began his career as an author at the German satirical magazine Simplicissimus. In 1912 he published Death in Venice and began his work on The Magic Mountain that same year, published in 1924. His literary reputation allowed him to travel extensively during the early 1920s to Holland, Switzerland, Denmark, and Spain. In 1924 he was invited as an honorary member of the PEN-Club London. In 1929, Mann received the Nobel Prize in Literature. During the Weimar Republic, he tried to denounce the resurgence of nationalists. Mann moved into exile in 1933 and subsequently renounced his German citizenship in 1936. Acquiring American citizenship in 1940, he lived in the US until 1952. He then returned to Switzerland where he died in 1955.

Mann joined the Permanent Committee on Arts and Letters in 1931. He participated at interviews organised and subsequently published by the IIIC: Entretiens sur Goethe (1932), L'Avenir de l'esprit européen (1934), Vers un nouvel humanisme (1937).

Matsuura, Koïchiro

  • Person
  • 1937-

Koïchiro Matsuura of Japan was appointed by the Organization's General Conference on November 12 1999 to serve as Director-General of UNESCO. Mr Matsuura, born in Tokyo in 1937, served as Ambassador of Japan to France from 1994 to 1999. He was educated at the Law Faculty of the University of Tokyo and at the Faculty of Economics of Haverford College (Pennsylvania, U.S.A.) and began his diplomatic career in 1959. Posts held by Mr Matsuura include those of Director-General of the Economic Co-operation Bureau of Japan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1988); Director-General of the North American Affairs Bureau, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1990); Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs. He also served as the Chairperson of UNESCO's World Heritage Committee for one year, until November 1999.

Mayor, Federico

  • Person
  • 1934-

Federico Mayor was born in 1934. Having accomplished an PhD in Pharmacy, he became director of the Severo Ochoa Molecular Biology Centre (Madrid, 1973-1978). He served as Under-secretary of the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science (1974-1976) and was a member of Parliament and Chairman of the Parliamentary Commission for Education and Science (1977-1978). He later became Adviser to the Prime Minister on these questions. Minister of Education and Science (1981-1982), in 1987 he was elected a Member of the European Parliament. After being Deputy Director-General of UNESCO from 1978 to 1981, he returned to the Organization as Special Adviser to the Director-General (1983-1984), whom he succeeded in 1987.

Mayoux, Jean-Jacques

  • Person
  • 1901–1987

Born in 1901, Jean-Jacques Mayoux was educated at the Sorbonne and Exeter University, he became an English teacher and obtained his doctorate in 1933. Between 1925 and 1936 he was a lecturer of French language and literature at the University of Liverpool, then professor of English at the University of Nancy, and subsequently at the Sorbonne.

In 1945 he became Interim Director of the International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation (IIIC), following the end of Henri Bonnet’s second term. He argued for the survival of the IIIC and asked the French government to care for its funding (IIIC, A.II.1). Eventually, on 9 November 1946, he signed an agreement with Julian Huxley, representing UNESCO, which specified the termination of the IIIC and the transferral of all possessions (the library, archives, etc.) to UNESCO. From 1951 until 1973 Mayoux was professor of English literature at the Sorbonne. He died in 1987.

M'Bow, Amadou-Mahtar

  • Person
  • 1921-

Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow was born in 1921. After completing his higher education in Paris, he taught history and geography in Senegal, where he directed basic education from 1952 to 1957. Minister of Education and Culture during his country’s transitional period of internal autonomy (1957-1958), he resigned in order to engage in the struggle for independence. After this had been achieved, he became Minister of Education (1966-1968) and then of Cultural and Youth Affairs (1968-1970) and was a member of the National Assembly of Senegal. Elected to the Executive Board in 1966, he became Assistant Director-General for Education in 1970. Appointed Director-General in 1974, he was reappointed for a second term of office in 1980. He retired from UNESCO in 1987.

Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to The Hague Convention

  • 1954 - Present

The Meeting of the High Contracting Parties was established by Article 27 of the 1954 Hague Convention. The first Meeting took place from 16-25 July 1962 to discuss potential areas of improvement in the Convention. The following two meetings in November 1995 and November 1977 respectively were convened in preparation for the Second Protocol. Since then, the Director-General of UNESCO has convened a Meeting every two years at the UNESCO Headquarters in Paris, France.

Meeting of the Parties to the 1999 Second Protocol

  • 1999 - Present

The Meeting of the Parties to the 1999 Second Protocol is a biennial meeting that was established by Article 23 of the Second Protocol to the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict. The Meeting is convened to coincide with the General Conference of UNESCO and in coordination with the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention. The Director-General is obligated to convene an Extraordinary Meeting of the Parties if one-fifth of them so request. The First Meeting of the Parties was held in 2005 and has since been followed by biennial meetings convened at the UNESCO Headquarters in Paris, France.

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