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authority records

Conseil international de la philosophie et des sciences humaines

  • Corporate body
  • 1948-

In September 1947 Julian Huxley, the first Director-General of UNESCO, asked a group of experts from different countries and from different fields of knowledge to investigate how UNESCO could comply with the duties laid down by its constitution in the domain of humanistic studies.

The preparatory committee of a common organism for humanistic studies met in 1948. Its task was to define the relationship of the organism-to-be with UNESCO, and its aims were to keep ICPHS's autonomy, to concentrate on tasks of international interest and insure that its character remained strictly scientific. The composition of the Council was to guarantee its Non-Governmental (NGO) nature.

The first general assembly of the International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies met in January 1949. A supporting organ for a multi-disciplinary and international vocation, ICPHS was conceived as the intermediary between UNESCO on one hand, and learned societies and national academies on the other. Its aim was to extend UNESCO's action in the domain of humanistic studies.

Among its initial activities, in 1949, a first analysis of national-socialism was prefaced by ICPHS's first president, Jaques Rueff. This collective study had been prescribed in 1948 by the UNESCO General Conference, but had met with reticences about its publication.

Its status of non-gouvernemental organisation in UNESCO granted the advantage of freeing it from sometimes insurmontable political matters. Hence scientists from countries that were not represented at UNESCO could make themselves heard and be kept informed of worldwide works thanks to ICPHS.

Gleditsch, Ellen

  • Person
  • 1879-1968

Ellen Gleditsch naît à Mandal (Norvège) en 1879. Après des études de pharmaceutique à Tromsø et Oslo, elle travaille comme assistante au laboratoire de chimie à l’université royale Frederiks d’Oslo. Elle poursuit ses études de chimie tout en travaillant, puis entre en 1907 comme assistante au laboratoire de Marie Curie, à Paris. Elle étudie en parallèle à la Sorbonne, dont elle devient licenciée ès-sciences en 1912. Auprès de Marie Curie, elle effectue des recherches sur le radium et l’uranium, et leurs relations avec les minéraux. Ces travaux lui apportent une reconnaissance scientifique et lui permettent de voyager : invitée à l’université de Yale, elle travaille ainsi sur la détermination de la demi-vie du radium. Elle donne également des cours à Strasbourg (France), Budapest, Sophia, Bucarest, Glasgow et dans différentes universités américaines.

Elle obtient en 1916 un poste d’enseignante en radiochimie à l’université d’Oslo. En 1920, elle obtient le Prix Nansen pour ses travaux sur les "Minéraux actifs. La broeggerite". En 1929, elle est la deuxième femme norvégienne, après Kristine Bonnevie, à obtenir un poste de professeur d’université, et elle dirige la chaire de chimie inorganique. Elle demeure à ce poste jusqu’à sa retraite en 1946. Elle est nommée docteur honoris causa des universités de Strasbourg en 1948. En 1962, elle est la première femme à devenir docteur honoris causa de la Sorbonne. Elle décède en 1968 à Oslo.

Ellen Gleditsch entretient, tout au long de sa carrière, des liens étroits avec ses collègues étrangers. Entre 1926 et 1929, elle préside la Fédération internationale des femmes diplômées des universités. En janvier 1939, la CICI la nomme membre, pour une durée de trois ans. Son mandat cesse cependant avec le début de la Seconde Guerre mondiale.

Wu Zhihui

  • Person
  • 1865-1963

Wu Zhihui, de nationalité chinoise, est membre de la CICI entre 1930 et 1939. Aux côtés de Tsai Yuan Pei (ou Cai Yuanpei, 蔡元培, premier président de l’Academia Sinica et ancien ministre de l’Instruction publique en Chine) et de Li Yu Ying (ou Li Shizeng, 李石曾), Wu Zhihui fonde la Commission chinoise de Coopération intellectuelle en 1933 (dont le siège est à Shangai). Il en devient le président jusqu'à la dissolution de l'Organisation de Coopération Intellectuelle en 1946. En 1935, la commission chinoise a projet de fonder un équivalent en Chine de l’IICI, devant originellement s’appeler l’"Institut Wu Shi-Fee" puis l’"Institut Sino-International de Coopération intellectuelle", qui fonctionnerait sous le patronage de l’association "Che Kiai Cheu" (Association de Coopération Sino-Internationale pour le développement intellectuel, économique et social). Le 22 septembre 1937, Wu Zhihui envoie un télégramme à la SDN, lu par Li Yu Ying à Genève devant l’Assemblée de la SDN. Il y détaille les destructions culturelles liées à la guerre sino-japonaise, qui avait débuté en juillet 1937.

Curie, Marie

  • Person
  • 1867-1934

Maria Salomea Skłodowska naît à Varsovie en 1867. Elle effectue ses études au sein de l’"Université volante", l’université polonaise alors illégale, puis s’inscrit en 1891 à la Faculté des sciences de Paris, où elle suit un cursus de physique. Elle rejoint en 1894 le laboratoire des recherches physiques de Gabriel Lippmann, où elle fait la connaissance de Pierre Curie, chef des travaux de physique à l'École municipale de physique et de chimie industrielles. Le couple se marie l’année suivante. En 1895-1896, Marie Curie prépare le concours d'agrégation pour l'enseignement des jeunes filles section mathématiques, auquel elle est reçue première, puis prépare une thèse de doctorat sur l'étude des rayonnements produits par l'uranium, à la suite des découvertes par Wilhelm Röntgen des rayons X en 1895. En 1898, aux côtés de Pierre Curie, elle découvre le polonium puis, quelques mois plus tard, le radium. En 1900, Marie Curie est chargée des conférences de physique de 1re et 2e années à l’École normale supérieure d'enseignement secondaire des jeunes filles de Sèvres. En 1903, Marie Curie reçoit avec Pierre Curie et Henri Becquerel le prix Nobel de physique. Elle est la première femme à obtenir cette distinction. La même année, elle devient la première femme à obtenir la Médaille Davy.

Suite à l'obtention du prix Nobel, Pierre Curie est nommé en 1904 professeur titulaire d'une nouvelle chaire de physique à la Faculté de Paris et Marie Curie obtient le poste de chef de travaux de la chaire. Lorsque Pierre Curie décède accidentellement, en 1906, Marie Curie est chargée du cours de son époux puis devient titulaire de la chaire en 1908. Elle participe en 1911 au premier Congrès Solvay, qui réunit d’importantes personnalités scientifiques telles que Paul Langevin, Max Planck et Albert Einstein. Elle se voit décerner la même année le prix Nobel de chimie, en reconnaissance de sa découverte de deux éléments, le polonium et le radium. En 1914 est inauguré l’Institut du radium (l’actuel Institut Curie, Paris Ve), dédié à la recherche médicale contre le cancer et à son traitement par radiothérapie.

Pendant la Première Guerre mondiale, Marie Curie mobilise l’équipe de l’Institut du radium et part régulièrement sur le front réaliser des radiographies auprès des blessés, ce qui permet de situer plus précisément l'emplacement des éclats d'obus ou de balles et de faciliter les chirurgies.
Après la guerre, Marie Curie reprend son poste à l’Institut du radium et sa fille Irène devient son assistante. Au début des années 1920, la découverte des vertus thérapeutiques du radium suscite un vif engouement auprès du grand public. En 1921, une collecte est organisée auprès des femmes américaines pour offrir un gramme de radium à l’Institut du radium. En 1929, toujours grâce aux femmes américaines, elle reçoit un nouveau gramme de radium, dont elle fait don à l’Université de Varsovie. Elle souffre cependant d’une trop grande exposition aux éléments radioactifs et décède d’une leucémie en 1934.

Connue internationalement, Marie Curie est très sollicitée et voyage beaucoup au cours de sa vie. En 1922, lorsqu’est créée la Commission internationale de Coopération intellectuelle, elle représente la France aux côtés d’Henri Bergson. Léon Bérard, ministre français de l’Instruction publique, compte sur ces deux personnalités scientifiques françaises pour faire prévaloir la position de la France au sein de l’Organisation de Coopération intellectuelle. Marie Curie reste cependant attachée à une vision apolitique et neutre de la coopération intellectuelle. En 1926, elle suggère plusieurs propositions de travaux pour la coopération scientifique, dans le cadre de l’IICI : le 16 juin 1926, elle propose ainsi la création d’un système international de bourses post-universitaires et la réunion de ces étudiants boursiers dans des laboratoires de recherche ("sur la question des bourses internationale, pour l’avancement des sciences et le développement des laboratoires"). En novembre 1926, elle attire l’attention de l’IICI sur les inconvénients des publications scientifiques dites « mixtes », c’est-à-dire des volumes scientifiques regroupant plusieurs disciplines scientifiques. Elle souligne l’inconvénient que ce mode de publication comporte pour les bibliothèques spécialisées et pour les chercheurs, qui doivent acheter des volumes entiers pour quelques articles scientifiques, et elle propose d’en revoir le mode de publication. En juillet 1928, elle est élue vice-présidente de la CICI aux côtés de Jules Destrée, tandis que Gilbert Murray est élu président de la CICI. En 1932, elle préside les entretiens organisés par le Comité permanent des Lettres et des Arts à Madrid, publiés l’année suivante sous le titre "L’Avenir de la Culture". Elle participe aux travaux de la CICI jusqu’en 1933.

UNESCO Asian Regional Institute for School Building Research

  • Corporate body
  • 1962-1973

The Asian Regional Institute for School Building Research (ARISBR) was organized through the cooperation of UNESCO and the Government of Indonesia to assist in solving the school building problems in the Region. It was created in Bandung in late 1962 with the expectation to last for ten years. On 1 January 1965, the President of Indonesia announced that Indonesia is withdrawing from the United Nations and most of its agencies, one of which was UNESCO. This meant that ARISBR had to be located in another country and was temporarily moved to Bangkok, on 1 June 1965. It finally moved to Colombo, Sri Lanka and closed its door in 1973.

UNESCO. Office of Public Information

  • Corporate body
  • 1948 -

Le Bureau de l’Information apparaît en 1948 pour informer le public des missions et de l’œuvre accomplies par l’UNESCO. Entre 1950 et 1967, sa trace est difficile à suivre. Il semble avoir été absorbé par le Department of Mass Communication dont l’information du public est devenue une mission. En 1967, on le voit réapparaître comme entité distincte. Il est alors rattaché au directeur général adjoint en charge de la communication. En 1990, il est rattaché au bureau exécutif du directeur général. Dans l’organigramme de 2020, il est appelé Division de l’information du public.
« Le Bureau de l’Information diffuse des informations de caractère éducatif, scientifique et culturel, sous une forme accessible au public, aux États membres et aux groupements spécialisés, notamment à la presse. Par sa nature même, ce travail exige la coopération la plus étroite avec le Département de l’Information des masses et avec les autres Département du Programme du Secrétariat. » Rapport du directeur général sur l’activité de l’organisation en 1948, AG 4, 3 C/3.
Le Bureau de l’Information informe le public des buts et du travail de l’UNESCO. Pour ce faire, il utilise la presse, la radio, le film, la photographie et les expositions pour faire connaître les activités de l’UNESCO à travers le monde.

Sandy Koffler

  • Person
  • 1916-2002

Sandy Koffler est né le 24 octobre 1916 à New York, dans le quartier de Williamsburg. Il est le fils d’immigrés originaires de la ville de Chernovitz dans la région de Bucovine, en Roumanie (aujourd’hui en Ukraine). Son père, Berl Koffler, était un rabbin reconnu de la ville. Sandy suivit d’abord sa scolarité au City College de New York avant d’obtenir une bourse pour poursuivre ses études à Paris, à la Sorbonne. En 1940, il étudie à Bordeaux. Passionné par la culture et la langue françaises, il cherche à tout prix à rester en France mais l’avancée des Allemands le convainc de s’embarquer à Marseille en direction des États-Unis. Profitant d’une escale au Portugal, Sandy apprend le portugais.

A New York, il devient éditorialiste pour l’hebdomadaire America et se forme aux techniques d’imprimerie. Il suit les séminaires de l’anthropologue français Claude Lévi-Strauss avec lequel il se lie d’amitié. Sandy travaille aussi pour l’armée américaine à l’Office of War Information, une agence d’information du gouvernement américain, qui souhaite appliquer les méthodes modernes de propagande de masse à la diffusion des idées pacifistes. Envoyé au Maroc, il travaille comme journaliste et directeur de l’information de la radio La Voix d’Amérique et élabore un programme diffusant, vingt-quatre heures sur vingt-quatre, les informations provenant du monde entier. Il est ensuite envoyé en Italie où il s’occupe d’un journal qui a pour but d’informer la population sur l’avancée des Alliés et de promouvoir la paix. Il s’appelle Corriere di Roma, Corriere di Venezia, Corriere Veneto ou encore Corriere dell’Emilia, suivant la ville ou la région où il est publié.

Après la guerre, Sandy retourne en France et s’intéresse à cette nouvelle organisation internationale qu’est l’UNESCO. L’organisation publie un mensuel de deux pages, Le Moniteur, pour lequel travaille Sandy à partir du 24 octobre 1947. Dès le 19 novembre, il soumet à Harold Kaplan, premier directeur du Bureau de l’Information du Public, un projet de journal, avec ligne éditoriale, périodicité, profil des rubriques, nombre de colonnes, longueur des articles, typographie. En 1948, le Courrier de l'UNESCO est né, un journal mensuel grand public qui permet de se tenir informer des activités et des valeurs de l'Organisation. Le magazine vise un public "éclairé" - professeurs et étudiants - et trouve ainsi la majorité de son lectorat dans les écoles, collèges et universités. En 1954, le format du magazine change pour inclure des illustrations couleur, qui correspondent alors aux standards de l'époque.

Koffler écrit "Le travail de l’UNESCO est si varié, son programme comporte un tel nombre de sujets vitaux et importants, dans les champs de l’éducation, de la science et de la culture, qu’il n’y aura aucune difficulté à rassembler des articles à la fois vivants et intéressants." Comme redacteur-en-chef, Koffler Sandy Koffler s’investit énormément pour le développement de la revue, notamment en multipliant les éditions dans des langues variées qui atteindront le nombre de quinze en février 1977, lors de son départ à la retraite.

En 1977, Koffler part à la retraite mais conserve un lien avec la rédaction du Courrier. Une fois à la retraite, à Paris, où il vit jusqu’à sa mort, il continue à étudier le chinois, langue qu’il a commencé à apprendre dans les années 1960 et dont il finira par maîtriser cinq dialectes, à l’écrit comme à l’oral, ainsi que la culture chinoise dont il admire la richesse et la philosophie. Il se lie d’amitié à cette occasion avec l’académicien François Cheng.

Department of Mass Communication

  • Corporate body
  • 1945-1974

Un service de Mass Communication a été mis en place dès la formation de l’UNESCO en 1945. En 1947, il prend le nom de Mass Media avant d’adopter définitivement celui de Department of Mass Communication en 1950. Rattaché tout d’abord directement au cabinet du directeur général, il passe sous la direction du directeur général adjoint pour la communication en 1967. En 1974, il rejoint l’Office of Free Flow of Information and International Exchanges pour former le Department of Free Flow of Information and Development of Communication.
L’information des masses découle de la mission de l’UNESCO de développer la connaissance et la compréhension mutuelle entre les Nations. Pour ce faire, elle produit des contenus à travers différents médias qu’elle diffuse largement. A sa création, l’information des masses comprend trois domaines principaux : la presse, le cinéma et la radio, ainsi que des domaines secondaires tels que l’enregistrement sonore et la télévision. La presse ne regroupe pas seulement les quotidiens ou hebdomadaires d’information mais aussi les revues spécialisées. L’édition rentre aussi dans son champ d’activité. Par film, il faut entendre le film documentaire, le film éducatif et scientifique, le film destiné aux spécialistes et le film destiné aux spectacles. Le champ de la radio s’étend aussi bien aux nouvelles, à la propagande et à l’information générale qu’à la publicité, l’émission de variétés, l’enseignement, la science, l’art et le drame. L’information des masses a pour but de favoriser la circulation de l’information à travers le monde sur des sujets comme la paix, le progrès humain, l’éducation, la science et la culture. Le Department of Mass Communication cherche à la fois l’amélioration des moyens et des techniques d’information et la réduction des obstacles à la circulation internationale de l’information. Ainsi, de 1947 à 1951, il a réalisé une enquête sur l’état des moyens de communication dans nombre de pays membres. Il coopère sur ces sujets avec des organisations nationales ou internationales et organise des conférences entre des pays sur les sujets de communication.

UNESCO. Secteur de l'éducation

  • Corporate body
  • 1946-

An Education Section was established with the formation of UNESCO in 1945 and education-related projects commenced in 1946. The section has evolved and expanded since to become what is now the Education Sector (ED) of UNESCO. The Education Section of UNESCO was first referred to as “Sector” in 1967. The gradual evolution of the organizational structure of the sector historically occurred on an annual to biennial basis, often reflecting particular themes or focuses of the sector at the time. As of 2016, the sector encompasses the following divisions: Divisions for Policies and Lifelong Learning Systems; Division for Inclusion, Peace and Sustainable Development; Division for Education 2030 Support and Coordination; Executive Office; Global Education Monitoring Report Team. The Education Sector further encompasses 53 field offices around the world, along with six institutes and two centres, including: the International Bureau of Education (IBE); International Institute for Education Planning (IIEP); UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning (UIL); Institute for Information Technologies in Education (IITE); International Institute for Higher Education in Latin American and the Caribbean (IESALC); International Institute for Capacity Building in Africa (IICBA); Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Education for Peace and Sustainable Development (MGIEP); International Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and Training (UNESCO-UNEVOC) and the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS).

The Education Sector is at the core of UNESCO operations and, accordingly, is the largest sector in the organization. The Sector adheres to the institutional mission to promote peace and the universal right to education. Shortly following UNESCO’s formation, in 1946 the purposes of the sector were noted as twofold, to provide a minimum standard level of education for all, and to remove illiteracy. The campaign against illiteracy and promotion of universal education both continue to be primary focuses of the Education Sector. Other campaigns directed by the Education Sector include, refugee and migrant education programs, adult education programs, guidance on teaching methods and materials, research into educational activities, promotion of international understanding and peace, equal educational opportunities and primary education. The Education Sector also implemented a number of programs over the years in response to emergencies or special circumstances, often specific to a particular region, such as field assistance for refugees from Arab states and a 1950 program to aid “war-handicapped children” following the aftermath of World War II. In more recent times, at the World Education Forum in Dakar in 2000, 164 member states pledged to achieve Education For All and identified six goals to be met by 2015, an initiative eventually coordinated by the Sector's EFA International Coordination Team.

As of July 2019, the Education Sector is focused on the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 4, Quality Education, which “ensure[s] inclusive and equitable quality education and promote[s] lifelong learning opportunities for all.”

Jeux de la paix de l’UNESCO

  • Corporate body
  • 1994-1996

In 1993, the 27th session of the General Conference endorsed the idea that youth should contribute to ideals of peace on an international scale. Within this context, the UNESCO ‘Peace Games’ (‘Jeux de la Paix’ in French) were conceived, and based on an idea of an ‘Olympiades de l’Esprit’ (Olympiad of the Mind), wherein young people from around the world would compete through tests or activities centred around the theme of peace. The Games were approved by Director-General Federico Mayor in 1994 on the condition that an evaluation (test edition) take place to demonstrate the viability of the project. The soon-to-be-named Administrator of the Games, Suzanne Diop, would manage the project under the supervision of Arthur Gillette, Director of the Division of Youth and Sports Activities (SHS/YSA). After surveying the activities related to youth and peace among Permanent Delegations, it was decided that the test edition would take place in 1995, coinciding with the 10th Anniversary of the International Year of Youth, as well as the 50th Anniversary of UNESCO. This small-scale, trial edition took place in Romania in collaboration with the Romanian Ministry of Education and the National Commission, and saw some 5,000 youth participating from 30 UNESCO Associated Schools and Clubs throughout the country. Youth competed in the categories of spelling, choral singing and relay racing. Medals were awarded 7 June 1995 in Bucharest by Mr. Mayor. The Games received some financial and in-kind contributions from businesses in Romania and France, as well as from Non-Governmental Organizations.

In the Programme and Budget for 1996-1997, presented to the 28th Session of the General Conference in 1995, the Peace Games were included under the umbrella of the larger transdisciplinary project ‘Towards a culture of peace’, as they contributed to wider efforts of “peace-building ”. The Programme and Budget simply states that “Consideration will be given to the possibility of instituting a UNESCO Peace Games competition” (UNESCO. General Conference, 28th Session. 1995. 28 C/5, para. 05216). The Peace Games were discussed again at the 149th session of the Executive Board. The Board requested that the Director-General prepare a Feasibility Study to be submitted at the Board’s 150th Session.

Following on the first trial edition, an international trial edition of the Games was subsequently held with five countries participating: Benin, Costa Rica, Morocco, Romania and Togo. Approximately 20 youth from each country competed in the final which took place in Lomé, Togo, in September 1996.

Upon consideration of the feasibility study, the 150th session of the Executive Board called for a “scope that is less ambitious yet more consistent with the need for programme decentralization and concentration and with the Organization’s financial constraints” (UNESCO. Executive Board, 150th session. 150 EX/decision 8.1). The Board further invited the Director-General to take any “necessary steps to create a ‘UNESCO Peace Games’ label” that could be awarded to future ventures (UNESCO. Executive Board, 150th session. 150 EX/decision 8.1). However, after this point no further UNESCO Peace Games were awarded or held.

These UNESCO Peace Games are distinct from the UNESCO-IADC (Inter-American Defense College) PeaceGames which took place in the late 1990s and early 2000s, and aimed to include military organizations in wider, concrete peace-building efforts.

Institut International de Coopération Intellectuelle. Section d'Information

  • Corporate body
  • 1925-1946

La Section d’Information de l’IICI est fondée en 1925 et cesse ses activités en 1946. L’article XXV du Règlement intérieur de l’IICI de 1925 définit ses activités : « La Section d’Information renseigne le public sur l’activité de l’Institut. Elle étudie les questions techniques relatives à la diffusion internationale des connaissances et des idées (problème du livre, de la circulation des imprimés, etc.) ».

Sa première mission consiste à faire connaître les activités de l’IICI, au moyen de la presse internationale. La Section entretient ainsi des liens avec la presse quotidienne et périodique des différents pays et correspond avec des associations de journalistes, d’éditeurs et librairie, ainsi que des personnalités littéraires. Elle étudie l’activité des agences de presse dans le monde et les moyens de les faire collaborer. En 1926, elle étudie le projet d’un annuaire international de la presse. Des réunions de journalistes sont organisées par la Section et se tiennent dans les locaux de l’IICI, à Paris.

La Section d’Information de l’IICI recueille auprès des Commissions nationales de Coopération intellectuelle les listes d’"Ouvrages remarquables" parus dans les différents pays et s’occupe de leur publication. Elle enquête auprès des éditeurs sur les obstacles à la diffusion du livre dans le monde, réunit des experts sur cette question et effectue des statistiques sur le commerce du livre. La question de la diffusion des connaissances passe également par la radiodiffusion, à laquelle s’intéresse particulièrement la Section d’Information. Celle-ci rédige des rapports sur la radiodiffusion et les problématiques qui intéressent l’IICI, et entretient des liens avec l’Union internationale de Radiodiffusion.

Les activités de la Section prennent fin avec celles de l’Institut en 1946.

UNESCO. Division de la philosophie et de l'éthique

  • Corporate body
  • 1965 - 2000-09-30

Over time, UNESCO’s way of differentiating the fields of social sciences, humanities and philosophy, has shaped the related administrative structure. Philosophy has both occupied its own distinct space in the Programme of the Organization and has been integrated into the Culture Programme or the Social and Human Sciences Programme. The first list of personnel published in January 1947 after UNESCO formally came into existence in November 1946 showed a unit called Social Sciences and Philosophy. Later in 1947, there was rather a Philosophy and Humanities Section. When departments were introduced in 1948, a Division of Philosophy and Humanistic Studies appeared in the Department of Cultural Activities. By 1952, however, the Division was replaced by a more general Division of Development of International Cultural Cooperation. In 1956, a smaller Philosophy and Humanistic Studies unit appeared under what was called then the International Cultural Exchanges Division. By 1959, the Section of Philosophy and Humanistic Studies was moved under the Office of the Director and by the beginning of 1962, it was renamed the Section of Humanistic Studies. In 1963 there was a brief resurgence when a new Division of Philosophy and Humanistic Studies and the Major Project on the Mutual Appreciation of Eastern and Western Cultural Values was created. This unit with the long name did not last, being replaced by the Division of Cultural Studies in 1964.

Philosophical reflection as a programme activity was given renewed focus in the Draft Programme and Budget for 1965-1966, also the time when Sectors were introduced as the largest structural unit at UNESCO. In the Director-General’s introduction, he writes: “there is no doubt at all that it is to philosophical reflection that we must look for the development of that humanistic thought whose influence must gradually converge the whole body of Unesco’s activities” (UNESCO, General Conference, 13th Session, 1964). He further wrote: “I hope that the Division of Philosophy may be able, over the years, methodically to bring about the elucidation of the ethical imperatives which such [economic] development must satisfy in respect of education, science, culture and information if it is to be authentic development from the human standpoint” (UNESCO, General Conference, 13th Session, 1964). The Division was created in 1965 directly under the Office of the Assistant-Director General for Social Sciences, Human Sciences and Culture in order to emphasize the interdisciplinary nature of philosophical reflection. Without a Director for its first two years, it was called the Division of Interdisciplinary Co-operation and Philosophy in the Draft Budget for 1967-1968, but was renamed the Division of Philosophy in the Approved Budget. Its work for the first years was centered on three studies: society and education; the diversity of cultures as against the universality of science and technology; and, human rights and the identification of universal human values.

The Division supported programme sectors by producing studies in UNESCO’s fields of competence based on philosophical and interdisciplinary inquiry. The Division further collaborated with the International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies and the International Centre for the Humanities and Development in Byblos. When the Secretariat as a whole was reorganized in 1975-1976, Director-General M’Bow first proposed that the Division merge with the Human Rights Coordination Unit to form a Division of Philosophy, Human Rights and Peace. Instead two separate divisions were created within the new Sector for Social Sciences and their Applications. The structure remained stable even as the Sector was renamed the Social and Human Sciences Sector (SHS) in 1984. In 1990, the Secretariat was restructured and the Division of Philosophy was moved with other interdisciplinary and intersectoral programs to the Directorate, reporting to the Deputy Director-General for Programme. The Division was moved back to SHS in 1993. The Programme and Budget for 1994-1995 added the study of the ethical implications of contemporary problems to the philosophy programme, and the Division was renamed the Division of Philosophy and Ethics (SHS/PHE). At this time, the series of Philosophy Forums was launched. When SHS was reorganized shortly after in 1994, the Division was moved directly under the Directorate.

The Division moved back to SHS in 1999 upon the streamlining of services attached to the Director-General. The following year, during an organization-wide restructuring, it was renamed the Division of Human Sciences and Philosophy (SHS/HSP). The decade saw the philosophy programme being paired first with foresight activities, with a Philosophy and Human Sciences Section (PHS) within the Division of Foresight, Philosophy and Human Sciences (SHS/FPH) from 2002 to 2006; then with human rights activities in the Division of Human Rights, Human Security and Philosophy (SHS/RSP) from 2006 to 2010. The Division of Human Rights, Philosophy and Democracy (SHS/HPD) existed from 2010 to 2011. After the restructuring of the Sector in 2011, philosophy activities were integrated into the work of the new Division for Inclusive Societies and Social Innovation (SHS/SII) and the Division for Ethics and Sustainable Development (SHS/ETD). Philosophical reflection was considered a cross-cutting activity by 2012 and integrated into the policy work of the Sector.

The Division of Philosophy and its immediate successors had the following heads: Jeanne Hersch, 1966-1968; Marie Pierre Herzog, 1970-1973; René Habachi, 1974-1976; Mohammed-Allal Sinaceur, 1977-1993; Yersu Kim, 1996-2000; Georges Kutukdjian, 2000-2001; Jérôme Bindé, 2002?-2006; Assistant Director-General Maria del Pilar Álvarez-Las, 2006-2009; and, Angela Melo, 2009-2011.

UNESCO. Secteur des sciences sociales et humaines

  • Corporate body
  • 1984 -

In his 1956 article reviewing the first ten years of UNESCO’s Social Science Programme, Arvid Brodersen traces the mandate for the Programme to several articles in the Constitution, including most explicitly Article I calling on the Organization to encourage cooperation among the nations in all branches of intellectual activity. Brodersen continues by suggesting that it is the social scientist’s duty to test, study, identify and define the researchable problems involved in the famous sentence of the Preamble - “Since wars begin in the minds of men, it is in the minds of men that the defenses of peace must be constructed” - and to seek valid answers to these problems (p. 402).

When it came to taking this mandate and specifying a programme though, there were early problems of scope and definition. In the discussion paper prepared by the Social Sciences Section for presentation to the Preparatory Commission Member States in 1946, the staff wrote that the “term social sciences is a generic label applied to a group of disciplines covering a field as broad and deep and complex as human life itself” (UNESCO/Prep.Com/Soc.Sci.Com./2, 1946). Preparatory Commission staff suggested to Member States that UNESCO should encourage a program for social sciences both as areas of “pure research” and as areas for the application of learning to social action. In other words, it was to be a dual role of both advancing the social sciences as scientific disciplines and of applying and using social sciences in support of all other UNESCO programmes. The scope of the programme was also determined by the distinction made between social sciences, philosophy and humanistic studies. This distinction was clearly made in the Preparatory Commission’s 1946 Report on the Programme of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation. From 1988 to 1989, a Special Committee of the Executive Board carried out in-depth studies on the evolution of the Social Sciences Programme at UNESCO. The Special Committee observed that, in early days, the distinction made between the fields based on methodology - with emphasis on the idea of the social sciences as both positive-empirical and critical disciplines - consequently stressed UNESCO’s mission in helping to improve the methodology of the social sciences. (Executive Board, Special Committee, 1989, p.3). The Organization’s differentiation of the fields, apparent after 1947 in the early administrative structures of the Organization, has been deemphasized over time. While some humanistic studies have often been structured under the Culture Programme, in later years human sciences have been coupled with social sciences. Philosophy has also both occupied its own distinct space in the programme of the Organization and been integrated into the Social and Human Sciences Programme.

The administrative structure of the Social and Human Sciences Programme at UNESCO has developed in five main stages: Social Sciences and Philosophy/Social Sciences Section 1946-1948; Department of Social Sciences, 1948-1965; Department of Social Sciences within the Social Sciences, Humanities and Culture Sector (SHC), 1965-1974; Sector for Social Sciences and their Applications, 1976-1984; and, Social and Human Sciences Sector (SHS), 1984-present day.

The first list of personnel published in January 1947 after UNESCO formally came into existence in November 1946 showed a unit called Social Sciences and Philosophy. Later in 1947 the unit became the Social Sciences Section, reflecting the distinction given to the disciplines in the overall Programme of the Organization. In the earliest period, 1946-1948, the Social Sciences Programme was concentrated on encouraging the development of international associations and the study of the tensions affecting international understanding which came to be known as the Tensions Project. Other activities or projects on the international development of social sciences (connecting social scientists throughout the world) included: exchange of persons, collection of information (yearbook and abstracting service); and development of international manuals in the social sciences (standardizing methodology). Work on the aim of finding practical solutions to world problems began to expand beyond the Tensions Project to look at the status of women and struggled to define UNESCO’s role in Home and Community Planning (re-adaption of man’s environment), international studies; and, international and comparative law. In July of 1948, the structure of the Organization was changed and the programme sections were renamed departments, such as, in this case, the Department of Social Sciences.

In 1949, Director-General Jaime Torres-Bodet instructed staff to rethink and broaden the Programme, keeping in mind that UNESCO’s work was to be on a practical, general-level and not speculative or erudite (Plan de travail…, 1949). The work thus far was too slow to be delivered and too dispersed according to Torres-Bodet. This idea echoed the findings in the 1948 Report of the Advisory Committee of Experts on UNESCO Administration, known as the ‘Aghnides Report’ (). The Social Science Programme activities for 1949 were therefore reoriented and began to take more stable form as grouped under three headings: the facilitation of international professional associations and meetings of specialists in various social science fields; the dissemination of knowledge concerning social science findings and improved methods of work; and the study of tensions affecting international understanding as a pilot research project where the incidental by-product of the project might be the experience gained in research planning on an international scale and the development of methods for making data and techniques more comparable on an international scale (UNESCO and the social sciences, 21 April 1949). A statistical service was also created at this time but reported directly to the Office of Director-General. An end was foreseen for the Tensions Project based on the idea of it as a pilot project, and studies on race began to emerge as a clear priority. By 1950, some units were formed in the Department without formalized names. Between 1950 and 1952, there existed the Tensions Project unit, the Studies of International Co-operation unit, the Aid to International Scientific Collaboration unit, the Division of Studies of Social Tensions, and the Division of the Study of Racial Questions. In 1952, the Statistics Division was moved to the Department, though, much like activities on philosophy, statistical activities would shift in and out of the Social Sciences Programme over time. The structure and titles of units were formalized in 1952, leaving: the Statistical Division, the Division of Applied Social Sciences, and, the Aid to International Collaboration Division. Responsibility for research and its application to world problems was thus grouped under one more general division at headquarters, though responsibility was partly decentralized to new institutes created in Cologne, UNESCO Institute for Social Sciences (1951-1960), and Gauting, UNESCO Institute for Youth (1951-1965), as well as to field cooperation officers, first introduced in 1951 in field offices in Cairo and New Delhi. By the mid-1960s, these field structures had gradually been replaced by autonomous institutes, though social science programme officers were intermittently assigned to larger field offices over time. At headquarters, the names of the units changed slightly but the structure remained relatively stable until the study of economic development was emphasized as an area of research, first by the creation of a unit in the Division of Applied Social Sciences in 1959, then with the creation of a distinct Office of Economic Analysis, reporting directly to the department’s director in 1962.

This stage saw the establishment of professional associations and engagement with existing associations. In 1952, for example, the International Social Science Council was founded by UNESCO. Social science information and documentation was disseminated through professional associations or by periodicals published by UNESCO, such as, for example the International Bibliography of Social Science. The research studies commissioned and published under the Tensions Project constituted, in Peter Lengyel’s words “a cascade of material of very different quality and durability” (1986, page 22). The publications on the question of race are some of the most well-known products from the Department during his period. For Lengyel, later publications issued from research-based projects from the early 1960s “were clearly all contributions to the great international debate then in progress, but they did not cohere or cumulate, did not converge into a scientific paradigm or model” (1986, page 43). However, from its in-depth studies of the Social Sciencs Programme, the 1988-1989 Special Committee of the Executive Board found that the 1950s surveys on “Teaching in the social sciences” at university-level made a considerable impact on the development of social sciences (Executive Board, Special Committee, 1989, p.7).

When the Secretariat was reorganized in 1965, larger Programme Sectors were introduced and the social sciences were brought together with culture and humanities programming to form the Social Sciences, Humanities and Culture Sector. The Department of Social Sciences continued to exist, but reported to an Assistant Director-General equally responsible for the Division of Philosophy and the Department of Culture. The 1989 Special Committee of the Executive Board found that in “this new sectoral structure, the social science programmes had lost their autonomy and their scientific components had become less significant” (Executive Board, Special Committee, 1989, p.4). The Office of Economic Analysis was moved from the Department of Social Sciences to report directly to the Assistant Director-General, only to be dissolved in 1968. However, research into social sciences methods and analysis was undertaken again by a distinct unit in the Department of Social Sciences in 1971. A shift was signaled in 1974 again when the departments were dissolved and all units reported directly to the Assistant-Director General of the Social Sciences, Humanities and Culture Sector. The following year the sectors began to be reorganized. The Office of Statistics was transferred from the Sector at the end of 1975.

In the period 1965 to 1974, the Department worked on the extensive survey of the Main Trends of Research in the Social and Human Sciences with the International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies. Part One of this work was published in 1970 and Part Two in 1978. In 1989, based on its review of the Programme, the Special Committee of the Executive Board found that these surveys also had considerable impact (Executive Board, Special Committee, 1989, p.7). Work on the teaching of social sciences included the continuation of the series on works on teaching in the various disciplines at the university-level, and it included activities on a regional-basis through support of the African Training and Research Centre in Administration for Development (CAFRAD) and the Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences (FLACSO). Collaboration with international non-governmental organizations continued. The 1989 Special Committee of the Executive Board cites the Latin American Council of Social Sciences (CLACSO) and the European Co-ordination Centre for Research and Documentation in the Social Sciences (Vienna Centre) as two successful efforts in networking and institution-building, but also named the Centre for the Co-ordination of the Social Science Research and Documentation in Africa (CERDAS) and the Arab Regional Centre for Social Sciences (ARCSS) as less successful (Executive Board, Special Committee, 1989, p.8). Studies on apartheid policies, peace research, and cultural rights as human rights were examples of how the Department sought to encourage the application of social science research to current social and political problems. Socio-economic indicators and simulation models were tested as part of general studies on development.

In 1976, the Sector for the Application of Social Sciences was created and its units were organized principally by thematic field of research. The new units were: the Division for the Study of Development, the Division for Socio-Economic Analysis, the Youth Division, the Division of Human Rights and Peace, the Population Division, the Division for Human Settlements and the Socio-Cultural Environment. From the old structure, there also remained the Division of Philosophy and the Division for the International Development of the Social Sciences which continued the networking, institution-building, knowledge dissemination, and capacity-building activities. The thematic units were created to facilitate research, as well as practical application of that research to social action in Member States.

Beyond ongoing activities for the international development of the social and human sciences such as those supporting international non-governmental organizations, teaching of social and human sciences, and dissemination of documentation, the work for this period was often focused on preparatory and follow-up activities to several major international conferences: the World Population Conference, 1974; the United Nations World Conference of the International Women’s Year, 1975; the United Nations Conference on Human Settlements, 1976; and, the International Population Conference, 1984. Preparatory work undertaken by the Department also led to the General Conference’s 1978 Revised Recommendation concerning International Competitions in Architecture and Town Planning and its 1978 Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice.

At the Twentieth Session of the General Conference, Member States recognized recent actions to give impetus to the Social Science Programme and invited the Director-General to intensify his action to consolidate funds and concentrate efforts along three major projects: 1) methods of applying social science research to development planning and public policies; 2) research on substantive issues of development and social change; and 3) activities to increase understanding of the conditions and factors affecting the promotion and realization of human rights, peace and disarmament (UNESCO. General Conference, 20th Session. 1979. Resolution 3/0.1, 3/0.2). The General Conference also called for the establishment of an ad hoc external consultative mechanism to advise on the implementation of these major projects. The International Committee of Experts on the Orientation and Structure of the Programme for the Social Sciences and their Applications met in 1979 and made twenty-four recommendations which were intended to have an impact on the Medium-Term Plan for 1984-1989 and the Programme and Budget for 1981-1983 (UNESCO. 1979. SS-79/CONF.615/7).

In 1984, the Sector changed names to the Sector of Social and Human Sciences. In the Medium-Term Plan for 1984-1989, a Major Programme for “reflection on world problems and future-oriented studies” was introduced, identifying the Organization’s task as “a contribution to a continuing appraisal of the problems of today's world and of the way they might develop in the future (4 XC/4, p. 57). The activities under this Programme were to “be supported by systematic use of the statistical data collected by the Organization. This work will be largely interdisciplinary. It will be based on advances in the social and human sciences, which it will help to develop in certain particular fields, and it will call for philosophical reflection” (4 XC/4, p. 59). The link between social, human sciences, and philosophy was once again emphasized by this Major Programme, hence the change of the Sector’s name. Other aspects of the Social and Human Sciences Programme were concentrated in different Major Programmes described in the Medium-Term Plan for 1984-1989, such as one on the elimination of prejudice, intolerance, racism and apartheid. However, the 1989 Special Committee of the Executive Board found that the recommendations made by the 1979 International Committee of Experts were not implemented or incorporated into these plans (Executive Board, Special Committee, 1989, p.5). The organizational units within the Sector remained unchanged with the exception of the introduction of a Division of Economic and Social Sciences. Responsibility for the activities of the Division for Human Settlements and the Socio-Cultural Environment was shifted in and out of the Sector from the mid-1980s until the mid-1990s. The Analysis and Forecasting Office was incorporated into the Sector in 2000 as a new Division of Anticipation and Prospective Studies, but responsibility for these activities was moved again in 2006, only returning to the Sector in 2011. Indeed, the units in the Sector became more fluid in the mid-1990s, reflecting the Programme which in turn reflected responses to world problems as prioritized by Member States at the General Conference. Programme priorities from 1990s to 2000s included: foresight and prospective studies; youth; fighting against discrimination and enhancing protection of human rights; human security, peace-building and democracy; social transformations and intercultural dialogue; the ethics of science and technology; and, physical education and sport.

The heads of the Sector and its predecessors have been: (Acting) Arvid Brodersen, 1947-1949; Arthur Ramos, 1949; (Acting) Robert Angell, 1950; Alva Myrdal, 1950-1955; Thomas H. Marshall, 1956-1960; André Bertand, 1961-1967; Harry Alpert, 1967-1970; Gene Lyons, 1970-1972; Jacques Havet, 1974-1976; Martha Hildebrandt, 1976-1978; (Acting) Jacques Havet, 1978-1979; Rodolfo Stavenhagen, 1979-1982; (Acting) Zala Lusibu N’Kanza, 1982-1984; (Acting) Nicolas Bodart, 1984-1985; Julio Labastida Martin del Campo, 1985-1990; Francine Fournier, 1990-2000; (Acting) Ali Kazancigil, 2000-2001; Pierre T. Sané, 2001-2010; Maria del Pilar Álvarez-Laso, 2010-2014; (Acting) Philippe Quéau, 2014-2015; and Nada Al-Nashif, 2015-.

Institut international de Coopération intellectuelle. Délégués d'Etat

  • Corporate body
  • 1926-1946

Les Délégués d'Etat auprès de l’IICI (à ne pas confondre avec les Délégués des Etats auprès de l’Assemblée de la SDN) sont des personnalités intellectuelles envoyées par les différents pays membres de la SDN auprès de l’IICI, pour réfléchir sur des thématiques précises de la coopération intellectuelle. Ils s’efforcent d’obtenir l’appui de leur gouvernement pour les actions de l’IICI, et transmettent à l’IICI les observations de leur gouvernement. En 1929, l’IICI compte 43 délégués, qui sont réunis à trois reprises au cours de l’année.

En 1935, l'IICI propose un texte déterminant ses relations avec les Délégués d'Etat, qui est voté par le Conseil d'administration de l'IICI, puis ratifié par le Conseil et l'Assemblée de la SDN.

Zimmern, Alfred

  • Person
  • 1879–1957

Alfred Zimmern was born in 1879 in Surrey, England, into a family with German Jewish and Huguenot ancestry. He was educated at Winchester College and New College, Oxford, gaining first class honours in classics in 1902, and remained at New College as a tutor and fellow until 1909. Following a trip to Greece he published his widely acclaimed book The Greek Commonwealth in 1911. In his academic work he combined classical Greek idealism with an interest in contemporary international affairs, often optimistic to outlaw war by internationalist means.

From 1912-1915, he worked as an inspector at the Board of Education, before joining the Ministry of Reconstruction in 1917 and the political intelligence department at the Foreign Office in 1918. In this capacity he attended the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. An avid supporter of international cooperation, Zimmern drafted a memo for a league of nations that Lord Robert Cecil took to the Paris Peace Conference. Zimmern was involved in founding the British League of Nations Society in 1917 as well as the Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House) in 1919–1920. From 1919–1921, Zimmern was inaugural Woodrow Wilson Professor of International Politics at Aberystwyth, Wales. He lectured at Cornell University from 1922–1923, and in 1924 he stood unsuccessfully as a Labour Candidate in the general election.

From 1926–1930, he served as Deputy Director of the International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation (IIIC). During his time as Deputy Director of the IIIC, Zimmern headed the University Relations Section. He was Chief of the Section for General Affairs, as of 1926. He also played an important role at the International Studies Conference, a gathering of experts on International Relations under the auspices of the IIIC, of which he became the first rapporteur in 1928.

In 1930 he returned to academia, becoming the first Montague Burton Professor of International Relations at Oxford, a post that he held until 1944. During the late 1920s he also offered summer schools on International Relations in Geneva. He was knighted in 1936. After the war he served as Secretary-General of the London Conference to establish UNESCO in November 1945 and then as an Advisor to the Preparatory Commission of UNESCO, but was replaced by Julian Huxley who went on to become UNESCO’s first Director-General. Zimmern died in 1957 in Connecticut.

Institut international de Coopération intellectuelle

  • Corporate body
  • 1925-1946

L’Institut International de Coopération Intellectuelle (IICI) voit le jour en 1924 à Paris, sous les auspices du gouvernement français. Il s’agit d’une branche permanente de la Commission Internationale de Coopération Intellectuelle (CICI), une organisation de la Société des Nations dont le but est de promouvoir les échanges culturels et intellectuels entre scientifiques, universitaires, artistes et intellectuels. Le Comité de direction de la CICI compte 12 personnalités à 19 personnalités. La première session a lieu en août 1922, sous la présidence du philosophe français Henri Bergson.

L’IICI est officiellement inauguré le 16 janvier 1926. Le statut, le fonctionnement et le programme de l’IICI sont définis par les textes suivants : Rapport de la CICI du 29 juillet 1924, approuvé par le Conseil de la SDN ; Résolution du Conseil de la SDN du 9 septembre 1924 ; Résolution de l’Assemblée du 23 septembre 1924 ; Lettre en date du 8 décembre 1924 adressée par le gouvernement français au président du Conseil de la SDN et les Statuts organiques de l’IICI annexés à cette lettre ; Règlement intérieur de l’IICI (1925). L’IICI connaît trois directeurs successifs, de nationalité française : Julien Luchaire (1926-1930), Henri Bonnet (1931-1940) et Jean-Jacques Mayoux (1945-1946). L’organisation est administrée par la CICI, par le biais de deux instances : un Conseil d’Administration et un Comité de Direction [article V du Règlement intérieur de l’IICI].

L’IICI est divisé en Sections (ou « Sous-Commissions »), qui correspondent aux principaux champs d’action de la CICI [article XVIII du Règlement intérieur de l’IICI]. En 1926, ces sections sont au nombre de 6 : Section des Affaires générales, Section des Relations universitaires, Section de la Bibliographie et des Relations scientifiques, Section des Relations artistiques et littéraires, Section juridique, Section d’Information [article XIX du Règlement intérieur de l’IICI]. Chaque Section poursuit ses travaux en liaison avec la Sous-Commission correspondante de la CICI [article XXVI du Règlement intérieur de l’IICI].

L’IICI maintient une relative autonomie vis-à-vis de la Société des Nations et entretient des relations diplomatiques avec les Etats membres de celle-ci. Les Etats créent des Commissions nationales de Coopération intellectuelle et nomment des délégués chargés de représenter leurs intérêts auprès de l’IICI. En 1939, 44 délégués et 45 Commissions nationales travaillent avec l’IICI.

L’IICI ferme ses portes entre 1940 et 1944. Il reprend ses activités en février 1945, jusqu’à la fin de l’année 1946, lorsque l’UNESCO hérite de ses fonctions.

Adiseshiah, Malcolm S.

  • Person
  • 1910-04-18 - 1994-11-21

Malcolm Sathianathan Adiseshiah est né à Vellore, Inde, le 18 avril 1910. Il obtient un Bachelor of Arts in Economics du Loyola College en 1930 à Madras, et étudie ensuite au King’s College, Cambridge University, et à la London School of Economics, obtenant alors son PhD en 1940.
Adiseshiah commence sa carrière comme Lecturer in Economics à St. Paul’s College à Calcutta de 1931 à 1936. Il est ensuite Professor of Economics au Madras Christian College de 1940 à 1946. A cette période, il est aussi membre du groupe d’économistes qui développe le plan décennal pour l’industrialisation de l’Inde. Adiseshiah exerce la fonction de Secrétaire général adjoint à l’Entr’aide Universitaire Mondiale (EUM) à Genève de 1946 à 1948.
En 1948, Adiseshiah commence sa carrière à l’UNESCO comme Chef adjoint du Service des échanges de personnes. Il devient Chef de l’Unité d’assistance technique au sein du Cabinet du Directeur général en 1950. Après un changement organisationnel, Adiseshiah est nommé Chef du nouveau Service de l’Assistance technique. En 1952, le service devient le Département de l’assistance technique, avec Adiseshiah comme Directeur. Lors de la Huitième session de la Conférence générale, à Montevideo, les deux postes de Sous-Directeur général (ADG) sont officiellement créés et Adiseshiah est nommé Sous-Directeur général, en même temps que René Maheu, qui a déjà été placé à ce poste de manière provisoire un peu plus tôt dans l’année. En plus de remplacer le Directeur général si besoin, Maheu est responsable de la diplomatie de l’Organisation. Le rôle d’Adiseshiah est alors de se concentrer sur le programme d’assistance technique, sur l’intégration du programme d’assistance technique au sein du programme ordinaire, et, de manière générale, sur la coordination des activités du programme. Adiseshiah commence officiellement son travail comme ADG au début de l’année 1955. La séparation des tâches entre les ADG reste flexible. En 1960, Adiseshiah est reconnu comme étant le responsable de la gestion et de l’administration du Secrétariat ainsi que des programmes de terrain de l’UNESCO. Entre 1960 et 1963, la responsabilité lui incombe d’aider les pays d’Afrique venant de gagner leur indépendance. Adiseshiah est responsable de l’avancée du plan d’enseignement pour l’éducation primaire universelle en Asie (Karachi Plan) , ainsi que des projets en faveur du développement de l’éducation et la science en Afrique et en Amérique Latine.
De nouveau, face à un changement organisationnel de grande ampleur (les départements devenant des secteurs avec des Sous-Directeurs généraux à leur tête, à la place des Directeurs), Adiseshiah est nommé Directeur général adjoint (DDG) en 1963. A ce poste, en plus de remplacer le Directeur général si besoin, Adiseshiah se voit incomber la responsabilité de coordonner les services du programme développés par l’ensemble de l’organisation dans le cadre des travaux menés sur la contribution de l’éducation, dans toutes ses formes, au développement économique. De même, il a la responsabilité des services du programme s’intéressant au lien direct entre la science et la technologie, d’une part, et le progrès national, d’autre part. Il supervise aussi la coopération de l’UNESCO avec le Fonds spécial des Nations-Unies, et le Directeur général l’a chargé expressément d’organiser et de diriger un système d’inspection des activités de terrain. Adiseshiah reste DDG jusqu’à ce qu’il se retire de l’UNESCO à la fin de l’année 1970. Durant une période de cinq mois, en 1969, il a aussi été Sous-Directeur général par intérim du Secteur des Sciences exactes et naturelles.
Après s’être retiré de l’UNESCO, Adiseshiah devient membre du Tamil Nadu State Planning Commission. De 1970 à 1971, il fonde, avec sa femme, le Madras Institute of Development Studies (MIDS). Il devient le premier Directeur de cet institut et reste président de son Conseil des gouverneurs jusqu’à sa mort. Il exerce les fonctions de président de l’Indian Economic Association (IEA) de 1973 à 1974, de président de l’Indian Adult Education Commission, et de membre du Central Advisory Board of Education (CABE), de l’Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) et du National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE). En 1975, Adiseshiah devient vice-président de Madras University. En 1978, il est nommé au Rajya Sabha pour un mandat de six ans. Il est président de l’International Council of Adult Education (ICAE). Adiseshiah est aussi président du Conseil d’administration de l’Institut International de Planification de l’Education (IIEP) de 1981 à 1989, ainsi que président du jury des prix internationaux d’alphabétisation de l’UNESCO.
Adiseshiah décède à Madras, Inde, le 21 novembre 1994. Le prix international d’alphabétisation Malcolm Adiseshiah est créé en 1998 grâce à la contribution de l’Inde. Le prix a été décerné toutes les années, de 1998 à 2001, aux actions méritantes et efficaces contre l’analphabétisme. Parmi ses nombreux ouvrages, Adiseshiah a notamment publié Que mon pays s’éveille (Let my country awake - 1970) et Il est temps de passer à l’action (It is time to begin - 1972).

Commission préparatoire de l'UNESCO

  • Corporate body
  • 1945-11-16 - 1946-12-06

The Conference of the Establishment of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation adopted on 16 November 1945 not only the UNESCO Constitution but also an Instrument establishing a Preparatory Educational, Scientific and Cultural Commission. During the year 1946, the commission held six sessions.
In the first plenary meeting of the Commission Ellen Wilkinson, Minister of Education of Great Britain, was elected as the President of the Commission and the post of the Executive Secretary was held from 1 March 1946 by Julian Huxley until he was elected first Director-General of UNESCO on 6 December 1946.
On 4 November, Greece became the twentieth country to ratify the Constitution of UNESCO and by this act the organisation come legally into being. The first session of the General Conference opened on 20 November in Paris and worked until 10 December. Upon the election of the Director General on 6 December, the mandate of the Preparatory Commission expired and the Commission was dissolved, but its staff continued to work as the Secretariat of UNESCO under its chief administrative officer, the Director General.

UNESCO. Division de l'éthique et du changement global

  • Corporate body
  • 2012-04-06 – 2014-04-30

In 2012, the divisions of the Social and Human Science Sector were consolidated to form two new divisions: the Division of Ethics and Global Change (SHS/EGC) and the Division of Social Inclusion and Youth (SHS/SIY). The Division of Ethics and Global Change was responsible for programme activities related to bioethics and to the ethical and social dimensions of global environmental change, as well as to anti-doping and sport. The Division was composed of three teams: Bioethics, Global Environmental Change, and Anti-Doping and Sport. The Division acted as the Secretariat for the following bodies: the Intergovernmental Bioethics Committee (IGBC), the International Bioethics Committee (IBC), the World Commission on the Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technology (COMEST), the Conference of Parties of the International Convention against Doping in Sport and the Intergovernmental Committee for Physical Education and Sport (CIGEPS).

The Division was led by Elizabeth Longworth at the beginning of 2012, and then by Assistant Director-General for the Social and Human Sciences Sector Pilar Alvarez-Laso from 2012 to 2013. Phillipe Quéau was Director from February 2013 until the Division was dissolved as part of a larger reorganization of the Social and Human Sciences Sector in 2014.

UNESCO. Bureau de la planification stratégique

  • Corporate body
  • 2000-10-01 -

In 2000, as part of a larger organizational charge, the Bureau of Strategic Planning (BSP) was created. BSP inherited most of its responsibilities from the former Bureau of Studies, Programming and Evaluation (BPE). At this time, the responsibility for internal evaluation of programme implementation was moved to the new Office of Internal Oversight (IOS) which centralized all internal oversight functions. BSP’s role shifted to monitoring programme implementation as aligned with its primary role in the preparation of UNESCO’s programme and reports on the activities of the Organization submitted to the General Conference and Executive Board. BSP was also responsible for ensuring that the priorities set by the Governing Bodies were taken into account at all stages of programme elaboration and implementation. In 2000, the priorities were women, youth and the least developed countries.

Unlike its immediate predecessor BPE which had a relatively fixed internal structure, the structure of BSP was more fluid in response to the priorities identified by Member States. In 2003, beyond the Office of the Director, BSP was composed of the following units: the Division of Programme Planning, Implementation and Reporting (BSP/PMR), the Section for Women and Gender Equality (BSP/WGE), the Section for Youth (BSP/YTH) and the Focal Point for Knowledge Management, Networking and SISTER (BSP/KNS). SISTER, or the System of Information on Strategies, Tasks and the Evaluation of Results, is one of the Organization’s IT-based management tools. It can be consulted by Member States and encompasses the programming, management, monitoring and reporting of the Programme and Budget (C/5) and associated operational Workplans for regular programme activities and extrabudgetary projects (UNESCO. Bureau of Strategic Planning, undated). In 2004, the Culture of Peace Coordination Unit was created in BSP. The Division for Youth was moved to the Sector for Social and Human Sciences in 2006. The former Office for Foresight was moved into BSP in 2008, creating a Section for Foresight. In 2010, the Section for Central Analysis and Planning was moved from the Bureau of the Budget to BSP, but the Division for Gender Equality was moved to the Office of the Director-General.

In 2011, responsibility for coordination of cooperation with extra-budgetary funding sources was transferred to BSP and the Division of Cooperation with Extrabudgetary Funding Sources (CFS) was moved to the Bureau. At this time, BSP was also said to be responsible as focal point for priority projects: the global strategy for support to the least developed countries; the coordination of UNESCO’s contribution to the UN Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio +20); contributions to policy discussions by the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC); the servicing of the General Conference’s Leaders Forum and of various high-level panels and senior expert groups established by the Director-General, as well as the implementation of the UNESCO policy for Category 2 institutes and centres. Beyond the Office of the Assistant Director-General, BSP had the following units as of 2011: the Administrative Unit; the Unit for Intersectoral Platform on a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence; the Team for Knowledge and Programme Management Issues and Support; Team for UN Reform; the Division for Programme and Budget; the Division of Cooperation with Extra-budgetary Funding Sources; and the Section for Foresight.

In 2014, the Section for Foresight and the Unit for the Intersectoral Platform on a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence were dissolved, with responsibility for their activities moved to the new Division of Social Transformations and Intercultural Dialogue in the Social and Human Sciences Sector.

At the beginning of 2016, BSP was reorganized into five sections under the Office of the Director: the Section for Strategic Planning, Monitoring and Reporting; the Section for Budget and Risk Management; the Section for Mobilizing Government Partner Resources; the Section for Mobilizing Resources from Multilateral and Private Partners; and, the Section for Cooperation with UN System.

BSP was led by Hans D’Orville from its creation in 2000 to 2014. Ana Luiza Thompson-Flores led BSP from January to September 2015. Qian Tang, Assistant Director-General for Education, has been the Officer-in-Charge for BSP since that time.

UNESCO. Bureau d'études, de programmation et d'évaluation

  • Corporate body
  • 1990-02-28 - 2000-09-30

The Office of Planning, Budgeting and Evaluation (PBE) was created in 1988, bringing together the former Bureau of Studies and Programming, Central Evaluation Unit and Bureau of the Budget. This change was made in the lead-up to the third Medium-Term Plan in order to strengthen capacity for studies, analyses, programming and evaluation. PBE was renamed the following year the Bureau of Studies, Programming and Evaluation (BPE). In 1990, the Bureau of the Budget was moved and BPE had then two units: the Division of Studies and Programming and the Central Programme Evaluation Unit. The Division was responsible for preparing the Medium-Term Plan and biennial programmes, as well as the Director-General's reports on the activities of the Organization to the Executive Board and to the General Conference, as well as carrying out studies concerning developments in the Organization's various fields of competence. The Unit was responsible for the system of evaluation of the Organization’s activities, ensuring that the findings of the evaluation fed back into medium-term planning, programming and programme execution. In 1992, BPE inherited the Division of Statistics and became responsible for supporting the Ad hoc Forum of Reflection as established by Resolution 15, at the 26th Session of the General Conference (1991). The activities for the Ad hoc Forum ended after the submission of the Forum’s report at the 27th Session of the General Conference in 1993. In 1997, the Division of Statistics began its transformation into the UNESCO Institute for Statistics, but the Division of Statistics continued to exist in BPE until 30 June 1999.

PBE was led by Assistant Director-General Sylvain Lourié from 1988 to 1990. Albert Sasson was Director of BPE from 1990 to 1993, then promoted to Assistant Director-General heading BPE from 1993-1996. Françoise Rivière led BPE from 1996-2000. She was its Director from 1996-1998, then was promoted to Assistant Director-General in 1999. Late that year, in November 1999, Ms. Rivière was appointed head of the Executive Office of the Office of the Director-General. She continued to supervise the work of BPE in this capacity. In 2000, in the context of larger organizational change, BPE was renamed the Bureau of Strategic Planning (BSP) and its mandate was adjusted slightly. BSP continued BPE’s planning and programming role, with resposibility for monitoring the programme’s implementation. Evaluation activities were entrusted to the new Office of Internal Oversight (IOS). BSP also has responsibility for coordinating the priorities set by the General Conference and Executive Board, such as, at the time of its creation, work with youth, women and least-developed countries.

UNESCO. Division de l’étude des questions de race

  • Corporate body
  • 1950-1951?

Prior to 1952, the structure of the Department of Social Science was not fixed. In 1950, after Dr. Alfred Métraux finished his work on the Fundamental Education project in the Marbial Valley in Haiti, he was to take up a position at headquarters in the Department of Social Sciences to lead UNESCO’s studies on racial questions. The administrative unit which he led had the title of Division of the Study of Racial Questions until the end of 1950. During 1950, the unit’s work was focused on the production and dissemination of a series of publications on race and the promotion of the 1950 Statement by experts on race problems. By the end of 1950, the Division’s activities were described as taking on the character of a Clearing House on race questions (Rapport, 1950). People with questions on the Statement were writing the Division for clarifications. The Division also made regular contributions to the UNESCO Radio programming and to the UNESCO Courier, and prepared for a special issue of the Social Sciences Bulletin. In 1951, studies on race were combined with other studies undertaken by the Department and Métraux became one of several programme specialists in a Division of Studies of Social Tensions. By 1952, the Department took on a more permanent structure and the unit became the Division of Applied Social Sciences.

UNESCO. Programme des experts associés

  • Corporate body
  • 1963-

Au niveau du système des Nations unies, le programme des experts associés a été lancé par un accord initial signé entre les Nations unies (ONU) et le gouvernement des Pays-Bas. Une résolution prise en 1961 par le Conseil économique et social des Nations unies (ECOSOC), concernant le programme du personnel technique bénévole a invité les agences spécialisées à employer du personnel bénévole. Après que la 60ème session du Conseil Exécutif ait encouragé le Directeur général à poursuivre cette idée, les premières avancées de l’UNESCO conformes à cette résolution ont commencé en 1963. Dans ce programme, les demandes viennent initialement des pays hôtes potentiels. Les postes étaient originellement destinés aux projets opérationnels ou de développement sur place dans les pays demandeurs où l’expert associé apporterait sa capacité de travail à un projet mené par un expert technique supérieur (Alexander, p. 76). Les Etats membres désirant financer ces postes feraient ainsi une contribution aux efforts généraux de développement in situ en même temps qu’ils fourniraient à leurs jeunes professionnels une première expérience technique après leurs études supérieures. Les candidats seraient proposés par l’Etat donateur et sélectionnés par l’UNESCO et les pays hôtes. Les experts associés, sur recrutement, étaient considérés comme membre du personnel de l’UNESCO. Quelques années plus tard, les experts associés pouvaient aussi être assignés au siège pour collaborer aux activités du programme ordinaire. Les Etats membres rejoignent le Programme des experts associés après une correspondance officielle et la signature des accords fonds-en-dépôt.

UNESCO. Division de la jeunesse et des activités sportives

  • Corporate body
  • 1990-08-31 - 1998-05-12

The Division of Youth and Sports Activities (SHS/YSA) was created in 1990. SHS/YSA inherited responsibility for activities on youth and physical education and sports - such as, for example, the International Fund for the Development of Physical Education and Sport (FIDEPS). Prior to this, the Division of Youth (SHS/YTH), also in the Sector of Social and Human Sciences, had carried out activities for and about youth. Activities on physical education and sport, including the secretariat for FIDEPS, were previously structured under the Education Sector, carried out by the Division of Structures, Content, Methods and Techniques of Education (ED/SCM).

The work of SHS/YSA over time included preparatory work for an international instrument for education, prevention, co-operation and information relating to the fight against doping in sport; assistance to Member States in formulating and implementing national strategies for the development of physical education in schools and universities; acting as secretariat for both FIDEPS and the Intergovernmental Committee for Physical Education and Sport (CIGEPS); fostering awareness of the ethical dimension of sports activities by disseminating the International Charter of Physical Education and Sports; maintenance of the International Youth Clearing House and Information Service (INFOYOUTH) in support of efforts to enhance awareness of the situation, problems and aspirations of young people in different societies; organization of youth forums, regional consultations with researchers, youth NGOs and government officials for the purpose of identifying issues affecting young people and drawing up suitable strategies, and to encourage young people to play their part in development. SHS/YSA was also responsible for UNESCO’s contribution to the UN World Programme of Action for Youth to the Year 2000 and Beyond, as adopted by the General Assembly in 1995.

The 27th Session of the General Conference expressed the wish “to infuse strong new life into UNESCO’s action in physical education and sports, particularly within the framework of the fourth Medium- Term Plan” (UNESCO, 1993, 27C/Resolution 5.16). Also in the Medium-Term Plan for 1996-2001, youth was identified as one of the priority groups to be addressed throughout the programme of the Organization. Round tables on youth were held at the 29th Session of the General Conference and based on the resulting recommendations, an external advisory body called the Youth Council was established. The Secretariat was restructured soon after in 1998 - SHS/YSA was dissolved and a Youth Co-Ordination Unit (UCJ) was created in the Directorate. UCJ moved the following year to the Bureau of Studies, Programming and Evaluation. An internal ‘Priority Youth’ Committee was also established to make proposals with regard to possible actions and activities in this area. After SHS/YSA was dissolved, responsibility for physical education and sport activities was transferred to the Education Sector, and first overseen by the Section for Humanistic, Cultural and International Education, then by the Department of Education for a Culture of Peace upon its creation in 1999. In 2000, the responsibility was moved to the Division for the Promotion of Quality Education.

The Secretariat as a whole was reorganized in 2000 and the coordinating responsibility for youth activities was transferred to a Division of Women, Youth and Special Strategies (WYS) in the new Bureau of Strategic Planning (BSP). The Division was dissolved in 2002, but there remained a Section for Youth (YTH) in BSP until this unit was shifted along with physical education programming to the Division of Social Sciences Research and Policy in the Sector for Social and Human Sciences in 2006. The combined unit created was called the Section for Youth, Sport and Physical Education. In April 2010, a Thematic Working Group on Youth was established in the Secretariat. The following year, the Social and Human Sciences Sector was restructured and a Division for Youth and Sport was created. In 2012, the structure was adjusted again creating a Division for Social Inclusion and Youth. The Sector was reorganized in 2014, creating a Youth and Sport Section (YSS) in the Division of Ethics, Youth and Sport.

SHS/YSA had the following heads: Pierluigi Vagliani, 1990-1992; and, Arthur L. Gillette 1992-1998.

UNESCO. Division de la jeunesse

  • Corporate body
  • 1973 - 1990-08-30

Within the Secretariat in the 1950s, UNESCO had a specific section in the Department of Education responsible for activities on youth. In the 1960s, youth activities continued to be included in the Programme and Budget, but were overseen by larger units such as the Education Out of School Division. Beyond the Secretariat, in the Federal Republic of Germany UNESCO’s Institute for Youth in Gauting and then Munich operated from 1951 to 1965. At the 78th Session of the Executive Board in 1968, members noted the “extent and gravity of the problems of youth and of the movements in which those problems are finding expression throughout the world” and asked the Director-General to prepare proposals to reinforce UNESCO’s youth programme (UNESCO, 1968, 15 C/65). The Programme and Budget for 1969 to 1970 indicates the efforts that were to be made to enlarge UNESCO’s work for youth. One effort was to improve coordination of the planning and execution of activities by the creation of an internal Secretariat Working Party, chaired by the Director of the new Department of Out-of-School Education. Whereas previously UNESCO had confined itself to assisting and sometimes stimulating the projects undertaken by Member States and international non-governmental organizations, UNESCO’s new policy was to take more direct action through analysis of youth problems, seeking solutions to these problems with Member States, and by securing the active participation of youth in this work on a national and international level (UNESCO, 1968, 15 C/65).

Upon its creation in 1973, the Division of Youth was placed within the Education Sector, within the Office of the Assistant-Director General, and was to take on a coordinating role. The Division was also responsible for the realization of certain programme activities already planned for in the Programme and Budget, as well as for participating in or consulting on other activities in progress carried out by other units, and the development of future projects and programmes. The activities for which it had primary responsibility included: changing education, culture and scientific development by the action and thoughts of youth; the role of youth in the promotion of peace; the promotion of a better understanding of the problems and attitudes of youth; and, the involvement of youth in the development and execution of development projects at a local level. The creation of the Division corresponded to a shift in focus in the programming. According to the Report of the Director-General for 1973, UNESCO was to shift from activities for youth and towards “more and more emphasis on activities to be carried out with and increasingly by youth” (UNESCO. General Conference, 18th Session. 1974, 18 C/3-2).

In 1975, the Secretariat as a whole was reorganized and the Division of Youth was moved to the newly created Sector for Social Sciences and their Applications. The reasoning for the move was stated as follows: “a knowledge of the social phenomena in question, as they manifest themselves in the different kinds of society, is imperative if one is to guide youth activities and help young people to play a more fruitful part in social life and schemes for development” (UNESCO. General Conference, 18th Session. 1974, 18 C/3-2). The Division’s structure remained stable through to 1990, though the sector’s name was changed to the Sector of Social and Human Sciences in 1984. In 1990, responsibility for activities on physical education and sports - such as, for example, the International Fund for the Development of Physical Education and Sport (FIDEPS) - was transferred to the Division and it became the Division of Youth and Sports Activities (SHS/YSA).

SHS/YTH and its immediate predecessors had the following heads: Ehsan Naraghi, 1973-1975; and, Pierluigi Vagliani, Acting 1975-1981, 1981-1990.

UNESCO. Division d'analyse socio-économique

  • Corporate body
  • 1976-04-01 - 1985-07-26

In the Proposed Programme and Budget for 1959 and 1960, UNESCO introduced measures to help Member States bring the resources of the social sciences to bear upon questions tied to economic development. This followed shortly upon the expansion of United Nations programme of technical assistance with the creation of the Special Fund in October 1958 and subsequent resolutions of the Economic and Social Council calling for study of the problem of balanced social and economic development (UNESCO, 11 C/3, 1960). In past programming, UNESCO had already started to address some of these questions as part of the international development of the social sciences (training of social scientists) and applied social sciences (social impact of technological change). In the Secretariat in 1959, an Economic and Social Questions Unit was established in the Division of Applied Social Sciences. Both the UNESCO Research Centre on Social and Economic Development in Southern Asia (formerly the Research Centre on the Social Implications of Industrialization in Southern Asia) and the Latin American Social Science Research Centre studied these questions in their respective regions.

By the following biennium, emphasis was not only placed on the social impact of technological change, but also on evaluation techniques that would allow Member States to judge the efficacy of technical assistance projects and development strategies (UNESCO, 11 C/5, 1960). This work on economic indicators was continued by the Research Centres in Southern Asia and Latin America, but in the Secretariat, work on the balance between social and economic development and work on economic analysis of development were structured separately within the Department of Social Sciences beginning in 1960. Programme specialists within the Division of the Applied Social Sciences addressed the social questions of development, but an Economic Development Analysis Unit was formed within the Division and staffed by research economists. By 1962, the Unit was moved from under the Division of Applied Social Sciences to report directly to the Director of the Department. While it briefly was called the Division of Economic Development and Analysis at the end of 1962, the unit became the Office of Economic Analysis in 1963. The United Nations Research Institute for Economic Development was also established that year. When the Sector for Social Sciences, Human Sciences and Culture was created in 1965, the Office of Economic Analysis reported directly to the Assistant Director-General. The Office’s work was to feed into ongoing programme activities in the different UNESCO fields of competence through the analysis of the activities’ potential implications on development.

The Office was dissolved in 1968 when its Director retired. At this time there were also discussions on the future programme in the Programme Commission of the 14th General Conference where Member States agreed with the Director-General’s idea to clarify and consolidate programmes in the Sector of Social Sciences, Human Sciences and Culture. The Programme and Budget for 1969-1970 consequently incorporated economic analysis activities under the heading of the application of social sciences to development. Staff from the Office was absorbed into the Division for the Application of Social Sciences or transferred based on their specialty to other units throughout the Secretariat, such as the Division of Human Resources Analysis in the Office of Statistics, the Department of Planning and Financing of Education, and sections for Cultural Policy or Science Policy.

The activities were centralized again in the Draft Programme and Budget for 1971-1972 under the heading of the Application of Social Sciences to Development. In the Introduction, the Director-General expressed his idea that the social sciences at UNESCO should radiate: “to associate themselves with, or even to become part of, a whole range of activities, both intellectual and operational that are being carried out in other fields” (UNESCO. General Conference, 16th Session, 1970). The Social Sciences Methods and Analysis Unit was thus created in 1971 and staff from the Division Human Resources Analysis in the Office of Statistics were transferred to the Unit. It was expanded to the Division for Social Science Methods and Analysis in 1973 In the Draft Programme and Budget for 1973-1974, the aim of the Division’s work was said to be the “strengthening of methods to make research a more effective instrument of planning (UNESCO, General Conference, 17th Session, 1972). The work for that biennium was focused on three activities: adopting an educational simulation model for broader use in out-of-school projects; organizing work on programme evaluation in co-operation with other sectors; and, extending work on socio-economic indicators of development, especially as related to the Second United Nations Development Decade (1971-1980).

As part of a larger reorganization of the Secretariat which created the Sector for Social Sciences and their Applications in 1976, the name of the Division was changed to the Division for Socio-Economic Analysis. At this time, training of national officers in the use of socio-economic indicators and dynamic systems analysis in national planning was added to the activities undertaken by the Division. These objectives and activities remained steady until the early 1980s.

A transition was signaled in the Draft Programme and Budget for 1984-1985. At this time, a Division of Economic and Social Sciences (SHS/SES) was created and existed concurrently with the Division for Socio-Economic Analysis (SHS/SEA). While SHS/SES was responsible for training, support and cooperation at the international, regional, subregional, and national level, as well as for participating in several interdisciplinary activities, SHS/SEA was to reinforce Member States’ capacity for the planning and evaluation of development. The Division for Socio-Economic Analysis was dissolved in 1985. Some of its activities were inherited by the Division of Study and Planning of Development in the Bureau of Studies, Action and Coordination for Development when it was created in 1985.

The Office of Economic Analysis was led by Herbert M. Phillips from 1962 to 1968. The Division for Socio-Economic Analysis and its immediate predecessors was led by Erwin S. Solomon from 1971-1985.

UNESCO. Division des statistiques

  • Corporate body
  • 1990-08-31 – 1999-06-29

The Organization’s mandate in the field of statistics can be traced to Article VIII of the Constitution which requests each Member State to report periodically to the Organization concerning its statistics on educational, scientific and cultural life and institutions. It also comes from a general United Nations (UN) system context where the 1946 Agreement between the United Nations and UNESCO called for the secretariats to exchange statistics within their own spheres. The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) had further recommended that UN specialized agencies develop social statistics. The Population Commission had also recommended that UNESCO collaborate with international agencies in the collection of social and cultural statistics. Finally, the UN Statistical Commission and ECOSOC had urged UNESCO to assume primary responsibility for an international programme of education in statistics, in collaboration with the International Statistical Institute (ISI) and other appropriate agencies (UNESCO, 5 C/5 (II), p. 300).

UNESCO first created a statistical service in 1947 when the UNESCO Documentation, Library and Statistical Services unit was created. In 1949, the Organization’s mandate in the statistical field was defined further by the Report of the Expert Committee on Educational, Scientific and Cultural Statistics. Following the 1949 Report, the Statistical Service was separated from the other information services and made a distinct service unto itself. The focus of the statistical work at UNESCO for early years was the collection of education statistics (all levels of schooling) as well as the further development of social and cultural statistics. The Statistical Service initially reported directly to the Office of the Director-General, as was the case with other general administration services like the Legal Service of the Bureau of Personnel. Although the Organization’s statistics were supposed to be centrally managed by the service, both the Statistical Service and programme departments were collecting statistical data from published sources and sending out questionnaires to member states. However, by 1951, the service was renamed the Statistics Division and its central role was reaffirmed: all statistical data were to be centralized and managed by the Division. On 1 January 1952, the Division was incorporated into the Department of Social Sciences and renamed the Statistical Division. In the Programme and Budget for 1953 and 1954, it was noted that the move did not prevent the Division “from being of service to the Secretariat as a whole, in addition to promoting the teaching of statistical science” (UNESCO, 7 C/5, p. 274). During this period, collaboration with ISI in the promotion of teaching of statistical science resulted in the creation of an international statistical training centre in Calcutta, as well as an ISI Statistical education advisory service. In addition to this, UNESCO was granting fellowships in educational statistics under the Exchange of Persons programme and offering technical assistance for regional seminars and expert missions.

In addition to supplying statistics for other UN and UNESCO publications, the Division was responsible for the publication of statistical reports and studies. The first Basic Facts and Figures was published in 1952. Both the Statistical Reports and Studies series and the Current School Enrolment Statistics periodical first appeared in 1955. These publications were consolidated in 1963 with the launch of the UNESCO Statistical Yearbook.

Work on the international comparability of statistics in education, culture and mass communications resulted in the adoption of eight recommendations at UNESCO’s General Conference over time: the Recommendation concerning the International Standardization of Educational Statistics (10th Session, 1958); the Recommendation concerning the International Standardization of Statistics Relating to Book Production and Periodicals (13th Session, 1964); the Recommendation concerning the International Standardization of Library Statistics (16th Session, 1970); the Recommendation concerning the International Standardization of Statistics on Radio and Television (19th Session, 1976); the Revised Recommendation concerning the International Standardization of Educational Statistics (20th Session, 1978); the Recommendation concerning the International Standardization of Statistics on Science and Technology (20th Session, 1978); the Recommendation concerning the International Standardization of Statistics on the Public Financing of Cultural Activities (21st Session, 1980); and, the Revised Recommendation concerning the International Standardization of Statistics on the Production and Distribution of Books, Newspapers and Periodicals (23rd Session, 1985). The Statistical Division was responsible for the preparatory and follow-up work for these instruments.

In the 1960s, in the general context of decolonization, there was an increased focus on compiling and analyzing statistical data required for the quantitative assessment of human resources in member states in the fields of UNESCO’s competence, particularly in relation to educational planning. UNESCO through the Statistical Division worked with the International Labour Organization on manpower surveys at this time. This work took place also in a context where both the Statistical Office of the United Nations and the World Bank were creating large primary socio-economic data banks (Lengyel, 1986).

The UNESCO Secretariat was reorganized as of January 1967 and services concerned with the free transmission of knowledge at the international level were merged to form the Communication Sector (COM). The newly named Office of Statistics was moved to this new Sector, as well as the Office of Free Flow of Information and International Exchanges, the Department of Mass Communications, the Department of Documentation, Libraries and Archives and the Office of Public Information. The Director of the Office of Statistics reported directly to the Assistant Director-General for Communication. At this time, the Office had the following units: Office of the Director, Division of Statistics on Education, Division of Statistics on Science and Technology, Division of Statistics on Culture and Communication, Statistics Tabulation Unit, Computation and Documentation Unit, and Data Processing Unit. This organization remained relatively stable except for the gradual consolidation of the smaller units into one Statistical Operations Unit. A Statistical Education Projections unit was also created under the Division of Statistics on Education. In 1970, a new document series called Current Surveys and Research in Statistics was launched. The Office was providing assistance to member states for the development of their statistics through the Participation Programme and UNDP-financed projects. Funds-in-Trust financing was also used for this purpose beginning in the 1980s.

With another large-scale reorganization of the Secretariat from1975 to 1976, the Office of Statistics was moved to the Sector for Programme Support and Administration (ADS). In 1978, this Sector was split and the Office of Statistics was moved to the new Sector for Programme Support (PRS). During this time, two divisions in the Office were merged to create a Division of Statistics on science, technology, culture and communication and a new Unit for Operational Activities was created. A Statistical Documentation Centre was also created. In 1990, when the Sector was downgraded in 1990 to first initially a Bureau for Progamme Support and Administration (BSA), then the Bureau for Programme Support (BPS), the Office was also downgraded to a Division of Statistics (BSA/ST then BPS/ST). The Division was transferred to the Bureau of Studies, Programming and Evaluation in 1992 (BPE/ST). The units within the Division were reorganized at this time, creating a Section for the Development of Statistical Services (ST/DEV), and a Section on Data Collection and Analysis (ST/DAT).

By the mid-1990s, there were calls to improve statistical products and services, both in quantitative and qualitative terms, from different stakeholders. To meet the aim of opening up UNESCO’s data bank to all constituencies, the Organization began consultations in 1995 and the resulting proposal for a UNESCO Institute for Statistics was presented to the 29th Session of the General Conference in 1997 (UNESCO, 29 C/5, 1997). The 29th Session authorized the Director-General to start on an experimental basis the measures aimed at transforming the Division of Statistics into the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS). UIS was formally established and its Statutes approved at the 30th Session of the General Conference in 1999. The location of the Institute was decided in 2000 at the 159th Session of the Executive Board. During this transitional period, the Division of Statistics continued to exist within the Bureau of Studies, Programming and Evaluation until 30 June 1999 when UIS began its existence in Paris, moving to Montreal, Canada, in September 2001.

The Division of Statistics and its predecessors had the following heads: B.A. Liu, 1950-1963; J. Kappel, 1963-1966; Karl Gunnar Brolin, 1967-1974; Hassouna Ben-Amor, 1975-1987; Gabriel Carceles, 1988-1991; Farid El Boustani, 1991-1995; and Geraldo A. Nascimento Filho, 1995-1999.

ISU

  • Corporate body
  • 1999-06-30 -

UNESCO. Division de la recherche et des politiques en sciences sociales

  • Corporate body
  • 1994-05-01 - 2011-09-15

In 1994, the Division of Social Science, Research and Policy (SHS/SRP) was created as part of a larger reorganization of the Social and Human Sciences Sector. SHS/SRP replaced the former Division for the International Development of the Social and Human Sciences (SHS/IDS) and the former Division of Population, Human Habitat and Development Studies (SHS/PHD). SHS/SRP continued activities on establishing UNESCO Chairs and University Twinning and Networking Programme (UNITWIN) networks in the social sciences and support of the International Social Science Journal. It was also responsible for publication of the World Social Science Reports.

Initially the Division of Social Science, Research and Policy was composed of two units: the Management of Social Transformations (MOST) and Capacity Building Unit (SHS/SRP/MOST) and the Human Habitat Unit (SHS/SRP/HH). SHS/SRP/MOST was responsible for institutional capacity building, data and information dissemination, policy-relevant activities concerning the MOST Programme, social transformations, exclusion and integration, sustainable human development, socio-cultural dimensions of environment, population and migrations, and coordinating the interdisciplinary and inter-agency project “Environment and population education and information for development .” SHS/SRP/HH was responsible for activities concerning the socio-cultural dimensions of human settlements and the implementation of projects on urban rehabilitation, especially concerning marginalized urban populations and the promotion of rural areas. In 1997, a Population and Migration Unit (SHS/SRP/POP) was added. The Human Habitat Unit was renamed the Cities and Human Habitat Unit (SHS/SRP/VHH) in 1999. In 2000, a Poverty, Micro Finance and Development Unit (SHS/SRP/MFU) was introduced. All these units had been dissolved by 2003 and replaced with units with slightly different areas of focus: Urban Development Section (SHS/SRP/URB); International Migration and Multiculturalism Section (SHS/SRP/MIG); Democracy and Governance Section (SHS/SRP/DEM); Policy and Cooperation in Social Sciences Section (SHS/SRP/POL). The Democracy and Governance Section was dissolved in 2004, but re-established in 2006, temporarily in SHS/SRP, before its activities were moved to the new Division of Human Rights, Human Security and Philosophy (SHS/RSP).

At the beginning of 2006, responsibility for the programme on physical education and sport, including the International Convention against Doping in Sport was transferred to the Division, creating a Physical Education and Sport Section (SHS/SRP/PES). Later that year, responsibility for activities relating to youth was also transferred, and a new Section for Youth, Sport and Physical Education was formed in the Division (SHS/SRP/YSPE).

In 2007, the International Migrations and Muticulturalism Section and the Urban Development Section were merged to form the Urban Development and Migration Section (SHS/SRP/URB-MIG).

The Division itself was dissolved in 2011 in the context of a reorganization of the Social and Human Sciences Sector. SHS/SRP activities were mostly absorbed by the Sector’s three new divisions: the Division for Inclusive Societies and Social Innovation, the Division for Ethics and Sustainable Development, and the Division for Youth and Sport.

SHS/SRP had the following heads: Ali Kazancigil, 1994-2002; [Acting Interim] Timothee Ngakoutou, 2002-2003; Chaibong Hahm, 2003-2005; [Acting Interim] Assistant Director-General Pierre Sané, 2005-2006; Wataru Iwamoto, 2006-2007; and, Elizabeth Longworth, 2009-2011.

UNESCO. Division des études sur le développement

  • Corporate body
  • 1989-02-01 - 1993-03-24

In the context of larger organizational change, the creation of a Division for the Study of Development was announced in 1975 in order to ensure that UNESCO would be in the position to assume responsibility for the kind of reflection on the international system demanded by the New International Economic Order movement (UNESCO, DG/Note/75/36). The Division was to undertake activities dedicated to developing a global interpretation of development. The Division was also to study the socio-cultural conditions that favour endogenous development and to continue past activities of sociological analysis of certain problems of social adaptation connected to rapid change in contemporary society. It inherited some of these duties from the former Division of Applied Social Sciences as well as the former Division for Social Science Methods and Analysis.

The Secretariat was reorganized in 1985 and the Division for the Study of Development was merged with other social science divisions to form the Division of Study and Planning of Development (DEV/EPD) in the newly created Bureau of Studies, Action and Coordination for Development. The new Division also inherited activities from the former Cooperation for Development and External Relations Sector for the maintenance of country profiles or data bases.

In 1989, the Bureau of Studies, Action and Coordination for Development was dissolved and the Division of Study and Planning of Development was transferred back to the Social and Human Sciences Sector (SHS), and renamed the Division of Development Studies (SHS/SDV). The work of the Division at this time was focused on: collaboration between intergovernmental organizations on projects such as: the effects of AIDS on development strategies; the link between the environment and development; the participation of young people in national development; development-related prospective studies; and, the impact of technological change and population movements on social and cultural development processes.

The Division was later merged in 1993 with other SHS units to form the Division of Population, Human Settlements and Development Studies (SHS/PHD). This grouping was to integrate work on equitable and human-centered development and was charged with studying the interaction between environment, population and development. In 1994, the Social and Human Sciences Sector was reorganized and some activities of SHS/PHD were inherited by a new Division of Social Science, Research and Policy (SHS/SRP).

The Division of Development Studies and its predecessors had the following heads: Nicolas Bodart, 1976-1985; Cao Tri Huynh, 1985-1988; Erwin S. Solomon, 1988-1989; Abdellatif Benachenhou, 1990-1992; and, Wolfgang Tochtermann, 1993-1994.

UNESCO. Programme de participation

  • Corporate body
  • 1955 -

The Participation Programme provides a means by which UNESCO can fund initiatives of Member States or NGOs that were not foreseen in the Regular Programme, but which fall within UNESCO’s fields of competence and current programme priorities. The Participation Programme makes funds available from the regular budget for either a direct financial contribution, or UNESCO implementation of the following forms of assistance: specialist and consultant services; study grants and fellowships; publications, periodicals and documentation; equipment; and, conferences, meetings, seminars or training courses (UNESCO, 2010).

Under UNESCO’s Programme and Budget for 1955-1956 (8 C/5), assistance for unplanned activities was provided to Member States through a programme called “Technical Aid Services for Special Activities” or “Aid to Member States.” The title “Participation Programme” was first used in the Programme and Budget for the following biennium (9 C/5, 1957-1958). In his introduction to this document, Director-General Luther Evans stated his belief that many of UNESCO’s initiatives in the field of special activities should “…cross over to the Participation Programme… Many of the activities were initiated by the Organization only in a purely formal sense. They were mostly brought to our attention by individual Member States who had inadequate opportunities of securing UNESCO’s support in any other way” (UNESCO, 2010). The objectives and operational modalities of the Programme are determined specifically and in full by a resolution of the General Conference at each session and in the framework of the approved C/5 budget (UNESCO, Executive Board, 191st Session).

The resulting flexibility of the Programme means that its procedures have evolved over time. The General Conference determines the budget amount to be dedicated to the Participation Programme and may set priority themes (capacity building of National Commissions, Culture of Peace, Africa, youth, etc.). UNESCO Field Offices have been given the responsibility to assist National Commissions in the preparation of requests. The Director-General and the UNESCO Secretariat approve the requests submitted according to criteria explained in the General Conference resolution in force and following internal procedures documented in the current Handbook, Guide or Administrative Manual item. With slight variations over time, the workflow within the Secretariat is as follows: 1) unit responsible for relations with member states receives the requests; 2) requests directed to programme sector for comments on substance, and also potentially forwarded to units responsible for procurement and budget for additional comments; 3) comments sent to Deputy Director-General (1966-1981) or an intersectoral committee (since 2000) for comparative intersectoral review; 4) final decision by Deputy Director-General (1960-1966, 1988-1992) or Director-General (1966-1988, since 1992) 5) unit responsible for relations with member states sends notification; 6) financial services allot and distribute funds; 7) programme sector or field office follows implementation (1966-2010) or reviews financial and evaluation reports sent by member states or NGOs (since 2010). The Director-General submits a list of approved projects and reports on the overall implementation of the Programme to the Executive Board.

In 1989, the General Conference approved the use of Participation Programme funds for emergency assistance programmes. After an emergency, a Member State can seek assistance which has an expedited process for approval and implementation. A percentage of the Participation Programme budget is reserved for such cases. Another change to the Programme came in 1999 when the 30th Session of the General Conference decided that Intergovernmental Organizations could no longer make requests.

Limits to the amount of requests accepted from member states, NGOs, and on a regional basis, and to the amount given for each request were introduced over time to address the disparity between demand and funds available. The growth of the Programme is demonstrated by these limits. A limit to the maximum number of requests per Member State was first established during the 28th Session of the General Conference in 1995. Member States were asked to submit a maximum of 15 requests at that time, which was reduced by the General Conference to 12 requests maximum by its 31st Session in 2002, then to 10 requests by its 33rd Session in 2005, and then reduced again to 7 requests by its 37th Session in 2013. Whereas the limit to the amount that could be granted was set at $10,000 in 1960, in 2001 the limits were: $46,000 for regional activities, $35,000 for interregional and sub-regional activities and $25,000 for emergency assistance activities. Overall in 1955, 105 requests were received for an amount totaling $2,000,000. In answer to these requests, a total of $1,099,330 was allocated. For the biennium 2012-2013, as of August 2012, 1,263 requests were received for an amount totaling $33,250,266. From this, as of September 2013, a total of $11,905,125 was allocated which was nearly 100% of the overall appropriation for the Participation Programme as voted by the General Conference.

The Participation Programme has been audited or evaluated on a number of occasions, including, most recently, a 2013 external audit and a 2008 internal evaluation. These audits have drawn attention to the staff time required to process requests and the dispersed nature of the wide variety of themes approved. The 2013 audit also recommended the codification of the Programme by means of Statutes voted upon by the General Conference.

While multiple UNESCO units work on the Participation Programme, the following units have had primary administrative responsibility: Technical Assistance Department, [Aid to Member States] 1955-1957; Bureau of Relations with Member States,1957-1969; Bureau of Relations with Members States and International Organizations and Programmes, Division of Relations with Member States (RMO/RMS), 1969-1975; Cooperation for Development and External Relations (CPX),1975-1985; Sector for External Relations and Public Information (REX) 1985-1987; Sector for External Relations/Office of External Relations (REX/RMO) 1987-1989; Bureau of the Budget, Participation Programme Unit (BB/PP), 1989-1992; Bureau for External Relations, Participation Programme and Emergency Assistance Co-ordination Unit (BRX/PPE),1992-2000; Sector for External Relations and Cooperation, Participation Programme Section (ERC/RMS/PP), 2000-2005; Sector for External Relations and Cooperation, Participation Programme Section (ERC/RSC/PP), 2006-2010; Sector for External Relations and Public Information, Participation Programme Section (ERI/RSC/PP), 2010-2011; Sector for External Relations and Public Information, Participation Programme Section (ERI/NCS/PPE), 2011-2013; and Sector for External Relations and Public Information, Participation Programme and Fellowships (ERI/MSP/PPF), 2013-.

UNESCO. Division des sciences économiques et sociales

  • Corporate body
  • 1984 - 1990-01-31

The Programme and Budget for 1984-1985 announced the creation of the Division of Economic and Social Sciences (SHS/SES). The new division inherited many of the responsibilities of the former Division of International Development of Social Sciences. For its first two years, it also existed concurrently with the Division for Socio-Economic Analysis (SHS/SEA). While SHS/SES was responsible for training, support and cooperation at the international, regional, sub-regional, and national level, as well as for participating in several interdisciplinary activities, SHS/SEA was to reinforce member states’ capacity for the planning and evaluation of development. The Division for Socio-Economic Analysis was dissolved in 1985 and some of its activities were transferred to the new Bureau of Studies, Action and Coordination for Development (DEV).

The following biennium responsibility for the interdisciplinary activity of analysis of the international dimensions of development was transferred to SHS/SES. This responsibility was later shifted to the new Division of Development Studies (SHS/SDV) when it was created in 1989, after the dissolution of DEV. In 1990, SHS/SES itself was dissolved as part of a larger reorganization of the Secretariat. At this time, the Unit for the Institutional Development of the Social and Human Sciences (SHS/IST) was created within the Office of the Assistant Director-General. SHS/IST inherited some of SHS/SES’s activities.

The Division was led by Ruben Santos Cuyugan, 1985-1987, and by Abdellatif Benachenhou, 1987-1990.

Almeida, Miguel A. Ozorio de

  • Person
  • 1890-1952

Miguel Osório de Almeida naît à Rio de Janeiro en 1890. Il effectue ses études à la Faculté de Médecine de Rio de Janeiro et obtient son doctorat en 1911. Il occupe différents postes au cours de sa carrière : directeur du laboratoire de la Cruz Institut Oswaldo, directeur de l'Institut de Biologie animale du ministère de l'Agriculture, directeur général du Conseil national de la Santé et médico-social, professeur au Collège de l'agriculture et de Médecine vétérinaire, professeur puis doyen de l'Université du District Fédéral de Rio de Janeiro. Ses travaux, notamment en neurophysiologie, lui confèrent une reconnaissance scientifique internationale, en particulier en Europe. L’Académie de medicine de Paris lui décerne ainsi le "Prix Sicard" et il reçoit le "Prix Einstein" de la part de l’Académie des Sciences du Brésil. Ecrivain, il publie des essais remarqués et devient premier secrétaire de l'Académie brésilienne des Lettres (1936), secrétaire général (1937-1945) et président (1949). Il décède à Rio de Janeiro en 1952.

Miguel Osório de Almeida prend part à de nombreuses conférences internationales. Il participe à la "Correspondance" organisée par le Comité permanent des Lettres et des Arts en 1933, publiée sous le titre "Pour une Société des Esprits". Dans cet ouvrage, il écrit une lettre à Paul Valéry et Henri Focillon. Miguel Osório de Almeida devient membre de la Commission brésilienne de Coopération intellectuelle, avant de devenir président de cette commission entre février 1936 et 1946. En 1937, il présente un rapport sur "La Coopération intellectuelle inter-américaine" lors de la 2e Conférence des Commissions nationales de Coopération intellectuelle (Paris). Il entre à la CICI en 1939. Pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, des commissions nationales de coopération intellectuelle de pays américains continuent à se réunir, et prévoient ainsi en novembre 1941 de transférer l’IICI dans un pays américain, ou d’y créer un centre provisoire. Il est également prévu de fonder une Commission Inter-Américaine de Coopération intellectuelle, sous la présidence de Miguel Osório de Almeida. Cependant, l’entrée en guerre des Etats-Unis met un terme à ces projets.

En 1949, l’UNESCO a engagé Osório de Almedia pour la rédaction d’un rapport détaillé comportant des recommandations et des suggestions sur la manière la plus appropriée de mettre à exécution la résolution 5.7 adoptée par la Troisième session de la Conférence générale : à « continuer les travaux préparatoires en vue de la publication de livres destinés au lecteur moyen aussi bien qu’au spécialiste et susceptibles de fournir une large compréhension des aspects scientifiques et culturels de l’histoire de l’humanité, en mettant en lumière l’interdépendance des peuples et des cultures et leurs contributions respectives, y compris celle des organisations de travailleurs, au patrimoine commun de l’humanité » (Conférence générale, 3e session. 1948). Osório de Almedia a soumis son rapport en aout 1949 et il a été distribué aux états membres.

Bourgeois, Léon

  • Person
  • 1851-1925

Léon Bourgeois naît en 1851 à Paris. Après avoir combattu durant la guerre franco-prussienne, il étudie le droit à la Faculté de droit de Paris. Il est entre dans la fonction publique en 1876 et devient préfet de département en 1887. L'année suivante, il est élu à l'Assemblée nationale. De 1890 à 1892 et de nouveau en 1892, il est ministre de l'Éducation, où il introduit d'importantes réformes. Il assume ensuite la charge de ministre de la Justice pendant deux ans. Après avoir occupé un certain nombre de postes ministériels, il devient Président du Conseil , et occupe ses fonctions de novembre 1895 à avril 1896. Il devient ministre des Travaux publics en 1912 et en 1917, ainsi que ministre des Affaires étrangères en 1914. Bourgeois est mort en 1925.

Membre du Parti radical-socialiste et internationaliste engagé, Bourgeois a participé à la Conférence de La Haye 1899 et en 1903 a été nommé à la Cour internationale de Justice. En 1907, il a représente la France lors de la Deuxième Conférence de La Haye. Il est impliqué dans les travaux préparatoires à l'élaboration du Pacte de la Société des Nations (SDN) et dirige l'Association française pour la Société des Nations. Il a représente la France en 1919 à la SDN

À la suggestion de Bourgeois, Henri Bergson est devenu le premier président du Comité international de coopération intellectuelle (CICI) en 1922.

Destrée, Jules

  • Person
  • 1863–1936

Jules Destrée naît en 1863 à Marcinelle, Belgique, dans une famille d'intellectuels bourgeois. Il est inscrit au Collège de Charleroi et l'Université Libre de Bruxelles, où il obtient un doctorat en droit en 1886, et commence à exercer en tant qu'avocat à Charleroi. Dans le même temps, il commence à fréquenter les milieux artistiques et à écrire des critiques pour La Jeune Belgique. Il commence sa carrière politique en 1894, lorsqu'il est élu député à la Chambre des représentants. Il siége en tant que membre du parti socialiste et devient un défenseur des intérêts wallons. Pendant la première guerre mondiale, il s’exile et conduit plusieurs missions diplomatiques en Italie, en Russie et en Chine, à la demande du gouvernement belge. De 1919 à 1921, il est ministre belge des Arts et des Sciences. En 1920, il est élu à l'Académie Royale de Belgique. Il meurt en 1935, et en 1938, l'Institut Destrée, une organisation non gouvernementale de défence des intérets de la Wallonie, est fondée en son honneur.

Destrée est membre de la Commission internationale de coopération intellectuelle (CICI) de 1922 à 1932. En Juillet 1922, il suggére de former ce qui devient l’ IICI, bien qu'il envisage de fixer son siège à Bruxelles. Il sert également en tant que président du Comité belge de coopération intellectuelle, et en tant que secrétaire de l'Office international des musées (OIM). Il est membre de la Sous-commission des Arts et des Lettres à partir de 1926. A partir de 1932 il sert comme président du Comité permanent des Arts et des Lettres à l'Institut international de coopération intellectuelle (IICI). Il occupe ce poste jusqu'à sa mort en 1936.

Painlevé, Paul

  • Person
  • 1863– 1933

Paul Painlevé naît en 1863 à Paris. Il a étude les mathématiques à l'École Normale Supérieure et à l'Université de Göttingen, et termine son doctorat en 1887. De 1887 à 1892, il a enseigne à Lille, avant de revenir à Paris comme professeur à l'Ecole Polytechnique et au Collège de France. Mathématicien remarquable, il reçoit les Grand Prix des Sciences Mathématiques en 1890 et le Prix Bourdin en 1894. Dès le début des années 1900, il s’intéresse à l'aviation créé un cours de mécanique à l'École Aéronautique.

Dans le même temps, Painlevé s’implique dans la politique et siège à la Chambre des députés à compter de 1906. Au cours de la Première Guerre mondiale, il sert comme ministre de l'Education ainsi que ministre de la Guerre de Mars à Septembre 1917. De septembre à novembre 1917, Painlevé devient Président du Conseil, ainsi que d'avril à novembre 1925.
A partir de décembre 1925, Painlevé est président du Conseil d'administration du Comité international de coopération intellectuelle (CICI). De 1926 jusqu'à sa mort, il est membre de la CICI. Il joue un rôle clé lors de la restructuration de l'Organisation de coopération intellectuelle de 1930 à 1931 (Renoliet, pp. 116 et 331). Painlevé décéde en Octobre 1933.

Dufour Féronce, Albert

  • Person
  • 1868–1945

Albert Dufour Feronce naît en 1868 à Londres dans une famille d’industriels. Il est entre au ministère des Affaires étrangères allemand en 1919 et a occupe divers postes à l'ambassade d'Allemagne à Londres. De 1927 à 1932 Dufour Feronce est Sous-Secrétaire général de Société des Nations (SDN). Dans le cadre de ses fonctions, il a soutient Gilbert Murray lors de la restructuration de l'Organisation de coopération intellectuelle (OCI) au cours des années 1930 et 1931. En tant que directeur des Bureaux Internationaux, il fait le lien entre l'OCI et le Secrétaire général de la Société des Nations. Dufour Feronce décède en 1945.

Rothbarth, Margarete

  • Person
  • 1887–1953

Margarete Rothbarth naît à Francfort-sur-le-Main (Allemagne) en 1887. Elle étudie l’histoire, l’allemand et l’anglais dans les universités de Heidelberg, Munich, Berlin et Fribourg. En 1913, elle est reçue au Doctorat. Durant la première guerre mondiale, elle enseigne à l’école secondaire de Fribourg et travaille également aux Archives allemandes de la musique folklorique. En 1918, elle devient secrétaire politique de Friedrich Naumann et enseigne au Staatsbürgerschule fondé par Naumann (Une école citoyenne). Après la mort de Naumann, elle devient chef de la bibliothèque et des archives de l’Association allemande pour la Sociéte des Nations. De 1922 à 1926, elle travaille comme comme assistante scientifique à la section des archives étrangères du ministère fédéral des Finances. En tant que déléguée de l’Association allemande pour la Sociéte des Nations, elle a participé à des réunions internationales des associations pour la SDN.

Rothbarth rejoint l'Institut international de coopération intellectuelle (IIIC) en Novembre 1926, servant dans la Section de l'information. En 1931, elle est promue au rang de Secrétaire à l'IIIC, un contrat renouvelé pour une période de 5 ans en 1936. Lors d'un voyage en Suisse en 1939, la Seconde Guerre mondiale éclate et elle ne peut retourner au Paris pour terminer son mandat avant l’année 1941. Après la guerre, elle dépose une plainte formelle auprès de la Société des Nations en raison du non-versement de son traitement durant toute cette période. Elle a gagne le procès s’ensuit. Elle décède en Suisse en 1953.

Murray, Gilbert

  • Person
  • 1866–1957

Gilbert Murray est né à Sydney, en Australie, en 1866. Ayant déménagé en Angleterre à l'âge de sept ans, il a entre à l'École Merchant Taylors de puis au Collège St John, d’Oxford, où il excelle dans les classiques et où il remporte plusieurs prix. À l'âge de vingt-trois ans, il devient professeur de grec à l’Université de Glasgow, avant de déménager à Oxford en 1905 où il est devient professeur « regius » de grec trois ans plus tard. Murray a publié de nombreux livres et des traductions, et il est reconnu comme une autorité sur le monde grec antique. Il se retire de la présidence de regius en 1936.

Lors du déclenchement de la Première Guerre mondiale, Murray est de plus en plus impliqués dans les affaires politiques contemporaines, travaillant pour la Ligue britannique pour la Société des Nations à partir de 1918. Invité par Jan Smuts, il participe à l’assemblé de 1921 de la Société des Nations (SDN). Durant les années 1930, il collabore avec William Beveridge dans la mise en place de la Société pour la protection de la Science et de l'apprentissage. Bien que quelque peu déçus par la SDN après la crise d'Abyssinie, son engagement pour la coopération internationale demeure vive (Stray 2004). Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, il effectue trois mandats en tant que président de l'Association pour les Nations Unies.

Murray était membre de la Commission internationale de coopération intellectuelle (CICI) de partir 1922 à 1939. Il est, de ce fait, la seule personne en dehors de Gonzague de Reynold à servir pour toute la durée de son existence. En 1928, Murray devenu président de la CICI, succède à Henri Bergson et à Hendrik Antoon Lorentz. Après la guerre, il est impliqué dans les discussions préparatoires de la Conférence des ministres alliés de l'éducation (CAME). Murray est mort en 1957.

Huizinga, Johan

  • Person
  • 1872–1945

Né en 1872 à Groningen, Pays-Bas, Johan Huizinga a grandi comme fils d'un professeur de physiologie. Il étudie la littérature néerlandaise, la géographie, l'histoire, ainsi que le sanskrit à l'Université de Groningen à partir de 1891. Il a étudie également à l'étranger, à Leipzig, en Allemagne, avant de recevoir le doctorat en 1897. Par la suite, il retourne aux Pays-Bas pour devenir un professeur d'histoire à Haarlem, puis, à partir de 1903, il donne des conférences sur la littérature indienne à l'Université d'Amsterdam. De 1905 à 1915, il est professeur d'histoire à Groningen et en 1915, il devient professeur d'histoire à Leiden, Pays-Bas, un poste qu'il occupe jusqu'en 1942. En raison à son opposition au nazisme, il est interné par les forces d'occupation allemandes et vit zn résidence surveillée près d'Arnhem jusqu'à sa mort en 1945.

Comme intellectuel reconnu, Huizinga était membre de la Commission internationale de coopération intellectuelle (CICI) de 1936 à 1939.

La Fontaine, Henri

  • Person
  • 1854–1943

Henri La Fontaine naît en 1854 à Bruxelles. Il étude le droit à l'Université libre de Bruxelles, où il obtient également son doctorat. Il est appelé à plaider en 1877 et travaille comme avocat pour les seize années suivantes, comme spécialiste en droit public international. En 1893, il devient professeur de droit international à l'Université Nouvelle de Bruxelles. Deux ans plus tard, il est élu au Sénat belge dans les rangs socialistes. Il reste sénateur jusqu'en 1936, agissant en tant que vice-président du Sénat de 1919 à 1932. La Fontaine est délégué à la Conférence de paix de Paris en 1919 et à la première assemblée de la Société des Nations (SDN) en 1920-1921.

La Fontaine est président du Bureau international de la paix à partir de 1907 jusqu'en 1943. En 1907, il fonde l'Union des associations internationales (UAI) avec Paul Otlet, qui, entre autres à publié un annuaire des organisations internationales à partir de 1909. En 1913, il reçoit le Prix Nobel de la Paix pour son engagement dans le droit et la coopération internationale.

En 1894, La Fontaine fonde l'Organisation internationale et collective du travail intellectuel. En Février 1919, l'UAI propose un projet de coopération entre les intellectuels à la Conférence de paix de Paris, et en Mars 1919, le délégué belge Paul Hymans suggère d’en faire une partie du Pacte de la Société des Nations. La Fontaine continue de faire campagne pour une représentation de la coopération intellectuelle à la SDN, et en Août 1921 organise une conférence internationale pour les travailleurs intellectuels à Bruxelles, en vue de faire de l'UIA une partie du système de la Société des Nations. Le plan de La Fontaine n’est pourtant pas retenu, la SND décidant finalement de fonder sa propre organisation. La Fontaine reste cependant une importante source d'inspiration et un correspondant de l'Institut international de coopération intellectuelle (IICI). Il reste également président du Bureau international de la paix jusqu'à sa mort en 1943.

Mistral, Gabriela

  • Person
  • 1889–1957

Née en 1889 à Vicuña, Chili, Lucila Godoy y Alcayaga, elle utilise le pseudonyme d’ écrivain Gabriela Mistral à partir de 1914. Élevée dans un petit village des Andes, elle commence à enseigner dans les écoles primaires et secondaires dès l'âge de quinze ans et reste une éducatrice engagée tout au long de sa vie. La publication des “Sonnets de mort” en 1914 lui vaut un prix national et l’aide à bâtir sa réputation en tant que poète. En 1923, elle devient professeur d'espagnol à l'Université du Chili. En 1945, elle reçoit le prix Nobel de littérature, première femme latino-américaine à le recevoir.

En 1926, Mistral devient la représentante chilienne à l'Institut international de coopération intellectuelle (IICI). A partir de 1933 elle assure de nombreuses missions diplomatiques pour le Chili, et pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, elle réside au Brésil. Mistral décède en 1957 à New York., après avoir souffert d'un cancer depuis plusieurs années.

Teleki, Pál

  • Person
  • 1879–1941

Né dans une famille hongroise aristocratique, Pál Teleki étudie le droit et les sciences politiques à l'Université de Budapest et obtient son doctorat à l'Académie royale hongroise d'économie en 1903. Expert en géographie et en ethnographie, il devient professeur d'université à Budapest ainsi que membre de l'Académie hongroise des sciences. En 1905, il est élu membre du parlement hongrois. Après avoir combattu durant la Première Guerre mondiale, il participe à la Conférence de la Paix de 1919 à Paris. Teleki est un partisan du mouvement scout et sert comme chef de l’Association scoute hongroise pendant les années 1920. Il occupe le poste de Premier ministre de 1920 à 1921, et de nouveau à partir de 1939 jusqu'en 1941. De mai 1938 à Février 1939, il exerce également les fonctions de ministre de l'Éducation. Désespéré de ses options de politique étrangère après le plan de Hitler de conquête de la Yougoslavie, il se suicide en Avril 1941.

À partir de 1934, Teleki est impliqué dans le Comité international de coopération intellectuelle (CICI) en particulier sur le projet relatif aux entretiens entre intellectuels éminents. De 1937 à 1939, il est membre de la CICI. En sa qualité de Directeur de l'Institut de sciences politiques de l'Institut de statistique de Hongrie, il a également servi en tant que président du Comité de coordination hongrois sur les études internationales, qui a réuni des experts hongrois pour la Conférence des études internationales (CEI), une grande conférence organisée par l'Institut international de coopération intellectuelle. La délégation hongroise a participé à la CEI commençant à partir de 1937.

Oprescu, George

  • Person
  • 1881–1969

George Oprescu naît en 1881 à Câmpulung, Roumanie. Bien qu’issu d’un milieu pauvre, il étudie la littérature et la philosophie à l'Université de Bucarest grâce à l'aide d'amis et de bourses. Après avoir obtenu son diplôme en 1905, il devient professeur de langue et littérature françaises. Il enseigne également à l'Université de Fluj et dirige un séminaire d'histoire de l'art. Il devient ensuite professeur à l'Université de Bucarest et, à partir de 1932, directeur du Musée Toma Stelian, auquel il fait don d’une quantité considérable de sa collection d'art privée. Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, il fait don de l’ensemble de sa collection à l'Académie roumaine.

De 1923 à 1939, Oprescu travaille comme secrétaire de la Commission internationale de coopération intellectuelle à Genève. Après la guerre, il devient membre de l'Académie roumaine, et à partir de 1949 jusqu'à sa mort en 1969, dirige l'Institut de l'Académie de l'Histoire Art.

Tagore, Rabindranath

  • Person
  • 1861– 1941

Né en 1861 à Calcutta, Rabindranath Tagore est issu du milieu de l’intelligentsia fortunée. Après une scolarité à domicile et des études incomplètes en Angleterre, il retourne en Inde et commence à publier de la poésie dans les années 1880. Il introduit de nouvelles formes de prose et de vers dans la littérature bengali, et connaît la gloire internationale pour son propre travail aussi bien que pour ses traductions d’œuvres occidentales et Bengali. De 1878 à 1901, il a gére la propriété familiale à Shelaidaha, avant de résider à Santiniketan en 1901 où il fonde une école expérimentale, où il essaye de marier traditions occidentales et indiennes. Cet ashram est connu sous le nom d'Université Visva-Bharati. A partir de 1912, il est effectue de nombreuses tournées de conférences en dehors de l'Inde. En 1913, il reçoit le prix Nobel de littérature, devenant le premier lauréat non-européen de ce prix. Tagore est anobli en 1915, mais en 1919 il renonce à ce titre honorifique en signe de protestation contre la politique britannique en Inde.

En 1927, l'IICI approche Tagore pour savoir s’il existe un journal publié par l’Université Visva-Bharati qui pouvant être ajouté à la liste de périodiques de l’IICI, bien qu’il n’existe aucune preuve formelle d'une réponse. En 1934, Tagore est invité par Gilbert Murray à collaborer dans le cadre des activités de l'IICI, notamment au sujet d’une publication sur la relation intellectuelle entre l’Orient et l’Occident, demande à laquelle Tagore répond positivement. En 1935, l'IICI publie une correspondance entre Murray et Tagore. Après 1945, des extraits de l’œuvre de Tagore est utilisée à plusieurs reprises par le magazine Le Courrier de l'UNESCO. Il décède en 1941. Après 1945, des extraits de l’œuvre de Tagore est utilisée à plusieurs reprises par le magazine Le Courrier de l'UNESCO. Pour la célébration du centième anniversaire de sa naissance, en 1961, l'UNESCO publie un numéro spécial du Courrier.

UNESCO. Division des établissements humains et de l'environnement socioculturel

  • Corporate body
  • 1975-11-01 - 1985-07-26

The Draft Budget for 1975-1976 (18 C/5) introduced UNESCO’s role in examining the definition of quality of life, or the “real inner landscapes of man, those conditions of his life (socio-cultural, ideological, spiritual) within which he feels that his life is, or is not, worth living” (UNESCO, 18 C/5, para. 3367). The Programme on ‘Man and his Environment’ was to be a counter-part to environmental programmes introduced to address the “outer landscapes.” The aim in the medium-term would be to address the environment in its widest sense at UNESCO as part of inter-sectoral programme. However, since activities on the physical environment were well developed in the Natural Sciences Sector, the idea in 1975 was to begin with an inter-departmental programme in the Sector for Social Sciences, Humanities and Culture. Thus a small coordinating unit, Man in his environment - human settlements, was created within the new Division of Human Rights and Peace. The unit was to coordinate joint activities of the Departments of Social Sciences, Cultural Activities and Cultural Heritage. It was also responsible for: liaising with other organizations interested in the same ends; ensuring the participation of UNESCO in the preparation of the 1976 United Nations Conference-Exposition on Human Settlements; encouraging the activities of Member States to carry out projects of their own, individually or jointly, consonant with the objectives of the programme; and providing the secretariat for the inter-sectoral committee addressing the interconnections between the programme and the Man and the Biosphere programme, as well as other ecological activities of the Natural Sciences Sector, and relevant activities in education and communication.

From 1975 to 1976, the Secretariat as a whole was reorganized, and the Sector for Social Sciences, Humanities and Culture was dissolved and in its place a Sector for Social Sciences and their Applications and a Sector for Culture and Communication were created. The coordinating unit became the Division for Human Settlements and the Socio-Cultural Environment (SS/ENV). The original idea of a coordinating role remained with regard to collaboration with the physical environment programmes. However, the cultural aspect of the Man and his Environment programme shifted away from collaboration with tangible heritage programming and towards activities for raising public awareness of the problems of the rural and urban world, as well as to training activities for engineers, urban planners, and architects. Beyond coordination within UNESCO, the Division worked with UNEP, the International Union of Architects, as well as the UN body that became UN-Habitat in 1977. The Medium-Term Plan for 1977-1982 confirmed ‘Man and his Environment’ as one of ten world problems which UNESCO would seek to address through its work.

The Second Medium-Term Plan, approved at the 4th Extraordinary Session of the General Conference in 1982, identified “The Human Environment and Terrestrial and Marine Resources” as a Major Programme for UNESCO for 1984-1989. This Major Programme emphasized the inter-sectoral approach in the environmental programming. There were some changes to the structure of the Organization during this time, beginning in 1984 with the sector’s name change to the Sector of Social and Human Sciences. The Division for Human Settlements and the Socio-Cultural Environment (SHS/ENV) was dissolved in 1985. Some of its former activities were transferred at this time to the Division of Study and Planning of Development (DEV/EPD) in the newly created Bureau of Studies, Action and Coordination for Development. The 1986-1987 Programme and Budget moved other responsibilities under the Major Programme to the Division of Economic and Social Sciences. In the 1988-1989 Programme and Budget, responsibility was reassigned to the newly created Division of Population and Human Settlements (SHS/POP). The Third Medium-Term Plan, 1990-1995, addressed environmental programming and the “inner landscapes” in multiple Major Programmes. Following a restructuring of the Secretariat in 1990, responsibilities for the activities of the former Major Programme were redistributed between SHS/POP, a new Division for Education for Quality of Life (ED/QAL) and the Bureau for Co-ordination of Environment Programmes (SC/ENV). Socio-cultural environmental activities were also woven into activities for the World Decade for Cultural Development.

A new Division for Population, Human Settlements and Development Studies (SHS/PHD) was created in 1993 and existed until 1994 when the Social and Human Sciences Sector as a whole was reorganized. PHD’s activities were then partly inherited by the Human Habitat Unit (SHS/SRP/HH) in the new Division of Social Science, Research and Policy. That year a transdisciplinary project on “environmental and population education and information for development” was also launched. In the Approved Budget and Programme for 1996 and 1997, the transdisciplinary project existed as a separate unit (EPD) reporting directly to the Office of the Director-General. The following biennium the Project was renamed Educating for a Sustainable Future (environment, population, development). The Human Habitat Unit was also renamed the Cities and Human Habitat Unit in 1998. In the Approved Programme and Budget for 2000-2001, EPD was moved to the Education Sector and became the Division for Educating for a Sustainable Future (ED/EPD). However, this move was soon revised in July 2000 when the Secretariat as a whole was restructured. Social science activities on the human environment from this point have fallen under the umbrella of sustainable development programming and capacity-building for social science research in general.

Programme Specialist Georges Fradier was head of the Man in his environment - human settlements coordinating unit from 1975 to 1976. Salvino Busuttil was appointed Director of the Division for Human Settlements and the Socio-Cultural Environment in 1977 and served in this capacity until the Division was dissolved in 1986. As acting Director of the Population Division, Raul Urzua continued as Director of the new Division of Population and Human Settlements when the two units merged in 1988 and served as Director of the Division and from 1989 as Coordinator of Population Programmes until 1993. Wolfgang Tochtermann was Director of the Division for Population, Human Settlements and Development Studies from 1993 until it was dissolved in 1994.

UNESCO. Division du développement international des sciences sociales et humaines

  • Corporate body
  • 1955 - 1984

From 1950 to 1952, there was a unit for Aid to International Scientific Collaboration within UNESCO’s Department of Social Sciences. The aim was to encourage the development of social sciences and their applications in every part of the world. Early efforts culminated in the creation of the UNESCO Institute for Social Sciences in Cologne, Germany, in 1951 and the establishment of the International Social Science Council in 1952. The UNESCO Secretariat unit was expanded to the Division of International Scientific Collaboration in 1953, and then renamed the Division of International Development of Social Sciences in 1955. The programme of UNESCO in the Social Sciences at this time was said to have two distinct but complementary aims: 1) to develop international organizations suited to carry out studies of social problems at an international level; and 2) to encourage the use of social science methods for practical solution of a number of these problems. The Division of International Development of Social Sciences was concerned with the first aim, and the Division of Applied Social Sciences was concerned with the second aim. The work of the Division of International Development of Social Sciences was organized around three principal tasks: cooperating with international social science organizations and institutions, including national bodies in member states; acting as a Clearing House for information and advisory services, including financing the publication of the International Social Science Bulletin/Journal (ISSJ, published since 1949); and, the improvement of social science documentation and terminology. By the early 1960s, the Division was also working on Participation Programme and Technical Assistance requests, as well as programme activities on the teaching of social sciences and the development of social science research methods and techniques. The latter activity was eventually expanded so that a Division for Social Science Methods and Analysis was created in the early 1970s. The Division’s work for this period also concentrated on the preparation and publication of the two volumes of Main Trends of Research in the Social and Human Sciences that appeared in 1970 (Part One) and 1978 (Part Two).

The Secretariat as a whole was reorganized in 1975-1976 and the Sector for Social Sciences, Humanities and Culture was dissolved and in its place a Sector for Social Sciences and their Applications and a Sector for Culture and Communication were created. At this time, the Division “held responsibility for two rather distinct parts of the program: fully international and regional projects, incuding relations with the professional associations, FLACSO, the Vienna Center and certain other institutions and documentation and information activities, including the Social Science Documentation Centre with its DARE Data Bank, the ISSJ and projects in terminology and primary data fields” (Lengyel, 1986). The Division of International Development of Social Sciences (SS/IDS) remained steady until 1984 when the Sector was renamed the Sector of Social and Human Sciences and the Division was dissolved. Activities on research, training and international co-operation in the social and human sciences were distributed between all divisions in the Sector as well as to field offices in the Programme and Budget for 1986-1987.

In 1990, the Unit for the Institutional Development of the Social and Human Sciences (SHS/IST) was reintroduced directly in the Office of the Assistant Director-General. The Unit was: “responsible for fostering international co-operation with a view to the development of knowledge and, more specifically, for promoting the improvement of training and research programmes in Member States; improving and enhancing co-operation among specialized networks representative of the international intellectual and scientific community; and promoting information and documentation in the social and human sciences. In particular, it will have the task of developing co-operation with the relevant NGOs, especially ICPHS and ISSC” (UNESCO, 1990). The Unit became the Division of International Development of Social and Human Sciences (SHS/IDS) in 1993. When the Sector as a whole was reorganized in 1994, it was replaced by the new Division of Social Science, Research and Policy (SHS/SRP).

The Division of International Development of Social and Human Sciences and its predecessors and successors had the following heads: Kazimierz Szczerba-Likiernik, [Acting 1950-1956], 1957-1961; Georgi Skorov, 1961-1963; Samy Friedman, 1963-1967; Anatoli Glinkine, 1968-1972; Vladimir V. Mshvenieradze, 1972-1978; Ruben Santos Cuyugan, 1980-1984; and, Ali Kazancigil, 1990-1994.

Susta, Josef

  • Person
  • 1874-1945

Josef Šusta est un historien, écrivain et homme politique tchèque. Il étudie à Prague auprès du médiéviste Jaroslav Golla, considéré comme le fondateur de l’école historique positiviste tchèque, puis à l’Institut de Recherche historique de Vienne et en Italie, à l’Institut autrichien historique de Rome et aux archives du Vatican. Josef Šusta est un des premiers historiens à traiter de l’histoire nationale tchécoslovaque et à reconsidérer son rôle dans l’histoire économique et sociale de la Bohême. Il est également spécialiste de l’histoire religieuse catholique. Entre 1920 et 1921, Josef Šusta est ministre de l’Instruction publique de Tchécoslovaquie.

Vice-président de la Commission tchécoslovaque de Coopération intellectuelle, il succède en 1928 à Hendrik Antoon Lorentz au poste de président de la CICI. Il demeure à ce poste jusqu’en 1938. Josef Šusta est également président de la Commission tchécoslovaque de Coopération intellectuelle.

Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon

  • Person
  • 1853-1928

Hendrik Antoon Lorentz naît à Arnhem (Pays-Bas) en 1853. Il étudie à l’université de Leyde et obtient un bachelor’s degree en mathématiques et physique en 1871. Il enseigne comme professeur de nuit et effectue ses travaux de doctorat en parallèle. Agé de 22 ans, il obtient le titre de docteur pour ses travaux sur la réflexion et la réfraction de la lumière. Trois ans plus tard, une chaire de physique théorique est créée spécialement pour lui à l’université de Leyde. Ses travaux portent sur la lumière et l’électromagnétisme. En 1902, Hendrik Antoon Lorentz obtient le prix Nobel de physique, avec son compatriote Pieter Zeeman, pour leurs travaux sur "l’influence du magnétisme sur les phénomènes radiatifs". A partir de 1912, il accepte le poste de conservateur du Cabinet de physique du Teyler Museum (Haarlem) et celui de secrétaire de la Société des Sciences hollandaise (Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen/Royal Dutch Society of Science). Il continue à enseigner à Leyde jusqu’à la fin de ses jours. L’Académie royale des Arts et des Sciences néerlandaise (KNAW) fonde en 1926 la Médaille Lorentz en son honneur. Hendrik Antoon Lorentz décède à Haarlem en 1928.

Hendrik Antoon Lorentz, polyglotte et internationaliste, est nommé membre de la CICI en 1923 pour remplacer Albert Einstein. Henri Bergson, président de la CICI, recommande en effet sa nomination auprès du Conseil de la SDN. En 1925, Hendrik Antoon Lorentz succède à Henri Bergson à la présidence de la CICI et occupe cette fonction jusqu’à son décès en 1928. En septembre 1926 est fondée, sur son initiative, la Commission néerlandaise de Coopération intellectuelle. Lorsqu'il décède en 1928, son collègue Albert Einstein (membre de la CICI) et Jules Destrée (vice-président de la CICI) prononcent son éloge funèbre.

Costa du Rels, Adolfo

  • Person
  • 1891-1980

Adolfo Costa du Rels naît à Sucre (Bolivie) en 1891. Après des études de lettres et de droit à la Sorbonne (Paris) et un séjour dans les régions minières de la Bolivie, il entre dans la diplomatie, où il occupe successivement les postes suivants : attaché à l’ambassade de Bolivie en France, chargé d’affaires de Bolivie au Chili, député (Bolivie), conseiller à l’ambassade de Bolivie en France, délégué de la Bolivie à la Conférence panaméricaine de La Havane (1928), où il est rapporteur de la Convention de La Havane pour la protection de la propriété artistique et du droit d’auteur, délégué d’Etat auprès de l’Institut international de Coopération intellectuelle, délégué de la Bolivie à l’Assemblé de la SDN, vice-président de la XIe Assemblée de la SDN (1930) et membre du Comité Permanent des Lettres et des Arts à partir de 1931. Il est nommé ministre plénipotentiaire en Suisse et auprès du Vatican entre 1937 et 1943, puis ambassadeur de Bolivie en Argentine entre 1943 et 1944.

Parallèlement à sa carrière diplomatique, il écrit des romans, des nouvelles, des pièces de théâtre et des essais. Il est un collaborateur régulier du journal français Le Temps. En 1976, il reçoit le Prix national de littérature (Bolivie). Il décède en 1980.

Banerjee, Debendra Nath

  • Person
  • 1895-?

Debendra Nath Banerjee est un économiste et juriste indien, professeur d’économie politique à l’université de Calcutta et membre de la CICI en 1922 et 1923.

Anesaki, Masaharu

  • Person
  • 1873–1949

Masaharu Anesaki (姉崎 正治) naît à Kyoto en 1873. Il est le fils d’un samouraï au service du prince Katsura. Après ses études secondaires à Kyoto, il entre en 1893 à l’université impériale de Tokyo, où il effectue des études de philosophie. Il rédige un mémoire en allemand intitulé Die Freiheitslehre Schellings ("La Doctrine de la liberté de Schelling"). Il se spécialise durant ses études en sciences religieuses et obtient un doctorat en 1898. Deux ans plus tard, il est nommé professeur à l’université impériale de Tokyo.

Entre 1900 et 1903 il entreprend un voyage d’études en Europe. Il poursuit en Allemagne et en Grande-Bretagne ses études en histoire des religions. En 1905, une chaire de science des religions est spécialement fondée pour lui à l’université impériale de Tokyo. A la suite de son voyage en Europe, il s’intéresse particulièrement au bouddhisme et au christianisme, tout en poursuivant ses travaux de philosophie. En 1913, il publie une traduction en japonais du Monde comme Volonté et comme Représentation de Schopenhauer.

Entre 1913 et 1915, Masaharu Anesaki est professeur invité à Harvard (Etats-Unis), où il donne des cours sur la culture japonaise et l’histoire des religions. En 1919 il est invité au Collège de France (Paris) : ses leçons sont publiées en 1921 sous le titre Quelques pages de l’histoire religieuse du Japon. La même année, il participe en tant que délégué du Japon au Congrès Pan-Pacifique sur l’Education à Honolulu. En 1923, le puissant séisme détruit la bibliothèque et l’université impériale de Tokyo. Il met alors à contribution sa renommée internationale pour faire reconstruire les bâtiments.

Lors du Congrès Pan-Pacifique de 1933, il représente le Japon aux côtés de Nitobe Inazō (新渡戸 稲造), sous-secrétaire général de la SDN entre 1920 et 1928. En mars 1933, le Japon se retire de la SDN. Masaharu Anesaki devient cependant membre de la CICI l’année suivante, jusqu’en 1938. Il est administrateur de la Kokusai Bunka Shinkokai (l’"Association pour les Relations culturelles internationales"), à laquelle est rattachée en 1936 la Commission japonaise de Coopération intellectuelle. En juillet 1937, Masaharu Anesaki participe aux Entretiens organisés par le Comité permanent des Lettres et des Arts, au titre de membre de la Commission japonaise de Coopération intellectuelle. L’ouvrage est publié l’année suivante, sous le titre : Le Destin prochain des lettres. La même année, l’IICI publie un ouvrage de Masaharu Anesaki, intitulé L’Art, la vie et la nature au Japon. Le gouvernement japonais décide le 2 octobre 1939 de retirer l’ensemble de ses experts travaillant à la SDN. La Commission japonaise de Coopération intellectuelle cesse ses activités le 1er avril 1939.

Qadir, Sir Abdul

  • Person
  • 1872 (1874?)-1950

Sir Abdul Qadir (رعبد القادر) est un juriste et homme politique indien. Fils du sheikh Fatchaddin de Kasur (Punjab), il naît en 1872 (ou 1874?). Il effectue ses études secondaires au College Forman Christian de Lahore. Entre 1895 et 1904, il est rédacteur en chef des journaux indiens "Observer" et "Makhran" (Lahore). Il s'installe ensuite au Royaume-Uni pour ses études de droit, qu'il mène au Lincoln's Inn de Londres entre 1904 et 1907. Abdul Qadir exerce ensuite comme avocat jusqu'en 1920, ainsi que comme procureur général à Lyallpur (Pakistan). Il obtient le titre de Khan Bahadur en 1919. En 1923, il est membre du Conseil législatif du Penjab, à Lahore. L'année suivante il en est le président suppléant. Entre janvier et septembre 1925, il occupe les fonctions de président du Conseil législatif du Penjab, puis est nommé en septembre 1925 ministre de l'Instruction du Penjab. Il est anobli ("Knight") en 1927.

En 1926, Abdul Qadir est nommé délégué (avec pleins pouvoirs) pour représenter l'Inde à la VIIe Assemblée de la SDN. En janvier 1929, la CICI le nomme membre, pour une durée de trois ans, aux côtés de la chimiste norvégienne Ellen Gledistch, du chimiste letton Martin Primanis et de l'assyriologue tchécoslovaque Bedrich Hrozny. Son mandat prend fin avec la cessation des activités de la CICI lors de la Seconde Guerre mondiale.

Cornejo, Mariano

  • Person
  • 1866-1942

Mariano Cornejo naît à Arequipa (Pérou) en 1866. Il effectue des études de droit et de sciences politiques au sein de la prestigieuse Université nationale majeure de San Marcos de Lima (Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos). Il soutient en 1896 une thèse de sciences politiques. Il exerce pendant quelques années comme avocat, puis est élu député député à l'âge de vingt-et-un ans, en 1892. En 1896, il fonde une chaire de sociologie à l’université nationale majeure de San Marcos. En 1897, il est élu député démocrate puis président de la Chambre des députés en 1901. En 1905, Mariano Cornejo est nommé ministre plénipotentiaire en Espagne, afin de défendre les intérêts du Pérou dans la question de la définition de ses frontières avec l’Equateur. Les négociations diplomatiques échouent, et Mariano Cornejo rentre alors à Lima, où il reprend la direction de la chaire de sociologie de l’université nationale majeure de San Marcos (1911). L’année suivante, il est élu sénateur et occupe cette fonction jusqu’en 1918. Il soutient le coup d’Etat du 4 juillet 1919 qui amène Augusti B. Leguia à la présidence du Pérou, et est nommé ministre. La même année, il préside l’Assemblée nationale constituante, qui promulgue le texte constitutionnel rédigé par Mariano Corneju. Il établit également un nouveau code de procédure criminelle.

En 1920, Mariano Corneju est nommé ministre plénipotentiaire en France et délégué permanent du Pérou auprès de la SDN. En novembre 1928, il devient délégué du Pérou auprès de l’IICI. Il défend une vision internationaliste de l’Organisation de Coopération intellectuelle, estimant qu’il faut "libérer la culture des excès du nationalisme" (cité par Julien Luchaire, 1965) et s’opposant en 1929 à la création d’un Institut américain de Coopération intellectuelle, l’Institut Panaméricain, au sujet duquel il redoute une mainmise nord-américaine. Installé en France, il est fait grand officier de la Légion d'honneur et est élu en février 1929 à l’Académie des Sciences morales et politiques. Entre 1929 et 1930, Mariano Corneju est membre de la CICI. Il préside en 1930 le IVe Congrès international de Sociologie. En décembre 1930, l'écrivain péruvien Ventura Garcia Calderón (1886-1959) le remplace comme délégué du Pérou auprès de l'IICI. L’année suivante, Mariano Corneju cède son poste à la CICI à l’écrivain colombien Baldomero Sanín Cano. Il décède à Paris en 1942.

Conférence permanente des Hautes études internationales

  • Corporate body
  • 1928-1954

En juillet 1926, la CICI demande à l’IICI de réfléchir aux méthodes d’organisation de l’enseignement en matière de relations internationales et à la manière de coordonner les travaux entre les institutions des différents pays.

En mars 1928, l’IICI organise une réunion internationale d’experts à Berlin pour la coordination des Hautes Etudes internationales. Des représentants de six Etats et de plusieurs organisations internationales assistent à ces réunions et travaillent à assurer une meilleure coordination entre les institutions consacrées à l’étude des relations internationales, telles que le Royal Institute of International Affairs de Londres, la Deutsche Hochschule für Politik de Berlin, le Council on Foreign Relations de New York, ainsi qu’à faciliter l’échange de conférenciers, d’informations et de documentation. A la suite de ces travaux, l’IICI publie en 1929 deux ouvrages : "Institution pour l’étude scientifique des relations internationales" et "Répertoire international des centres de documentation politique".

Lors d’une réunion à Copenhague en 1931, il est décidé de créer un organisme permanent : la Conférence permanente des Hautes Etudes internationales, chargée d’étudier les relations internationales et de favoriser la collaboration scientifique. Elle fonctionne par cycle de deux ans, durant lesquels elle met à l’étude collective des points précis de la politique internationale, puis elle organise une conférence internationale au cours de laquelle des experts débattent de ces sujets. Les résultats de ces travaux sont ensuite publiés par l’IICI.

Entre 1932 et 1934, on étudie la question de "L’Etat et la vie économique" lors d’une conférence préparatoire à Milan (1932) puis la Conférence générale des Hautes Etudes internationales l’année suivante. L’IICI publie un ouvrage en deux volumes sous le titre du sujet de la conférence (1932-1934).

La question de "La Sécurité collective" est mise à l’étude entre 1933 et 1935, sous la direction d’un rapporteur général désigné par l’IICI : Maurice Bourquin. Les travaux sont publiés en 1936.

La Conférence réunit des établissements nationaux groupant les différentes disciplines relatives aux relations internationales : géographie humaine, droit international, droit constitutionnel, économie politique, sociologie, histoire contemporaine. Elle donne une impulsion dans la création, à partir du milieu des années 1930, d’institutions spécialisées, telles que le "Centre de Politique étrangère" de Paris, l’"Institut des Relations internationales" de Madrid, le "Centre des Hautes Etudes internationales" de Bucarest, l’"Institut universitaire" de Milan, et des institutions en Amérique latine : Mexique, Brésil, Chili.

Les tensions internationales portent ensuite la Conférence des Hautes Etudes internationales à étudier les moyens de prévenir les causes de la guerre. L’objet d’étude est donc intitulé "Peaceful Change : les difficultés de principes et les procédures applicables en ce qui concerne la solution pacifique de problèmes économiques, sociaux et territoriaux". Les travaux portent sur les questions de population, de migration, les colonies, les marchés et distribution de matières premières et les problèmes stratégiques de la région du Danube. La Conférence générale a lieu à Paris en 1937, sous la direction de Maurice Bourquin.

Un Groupe international d’études pour les questions danubiennes (GHEI) fonctionne entre 1936 et 1947 et réunit des experts d’Europe orientale (Autriche, Bulgarie, Hongrie, Roumanie, Tchécoslovaquie, Yougoslavie) pour étudier les problèmes économiques qui se posent entre ces différents Etats.

Les 11e et 12e Conférences ont lieu respectivement à Prague (1938) et Bergen (1939) et réfléchissent sur les "Politiques économiques de la paix ; réciprocité, régionalisme et autarcie dans les politiques commerciales d'aujourd'hui; leur lien avec le problème de la sécurité nationale et leur effet sur les relations économiques, financières et politiques des Etats".

La guerre met fin aux travaux de la Conférence permanente des Hautes Etudes internationales. L'IICI publie au total 21 ouvrages issus de ses travaux. Après la guerre, la Conférence ont été reconsitutué comme une association intenationale non gouvernmentale, avec laquelle l'UNESCO a eu les relations officielles. La CPHEI a été dissoute en 1954.

Ruffini, Francesco

  • Person
  • 1863-1934

Francesco Ruffini naît à Lessolo (Italie) en 1863. Spécialiste de l’histoire du droit, en particulier de la question de la liberté religieuse et de la relation entre l’Etat et l’Eglise, il enseigne à Pavie, Gênes puis Turin. Il devient sénateur du Royaume d’Italie en 1914.

En 1922, il est l’un des douze premiers membres de la CICI. Il propose un projet de protection de la propriété intellectuelle, dans le domaine industriel et scientifique (1922-1929). Ce projet fait l’objet d’études au sein de la Sous-Commission des Droits intellectuels de l’IICI et au sein de la CICI.

En 1925, il est l’un des signataires du Manifeste des intellectuels antifascistes rédigé par Benedetto Croce. En raison de ses positions antifascistes, Francesco Ruffini est contraint à la démission de ses fonctions à la CICI en 1925, alors qu’il venait d’être élu membre du Comité de direction de l’IICI. Il est alors remplacé par un proche de Mussolini, Alfredo Rocco, dans l’ensemble de ses fonctions. Il demeure cependant membre de la Commission italienne de Coopération intellectuelle, où il est affecté à la Sous-Commission pour les droits intellectuels.

Il est victime en 1928 d’une agression par un groupe fasciste durant l’un de ses cours à l’université de Turin. En 1931, il est l’un des rares universitaires à refuser de signer le serment d’allégeance au régime. Il décède en 1934 à Turin.

Dupierreux, Richard

  • Person
  • 1891-1957

Richard Dupierreux naît à Couillet (Belgique) en 1891. Il est docteur en droit de l’université de Bruxelles en 1914 et exerce ensuite comme avocat à la Cour d’appel de Bruxelles. Entre 1915 et 1918, il est le secrétaire de Jules Destrée lors des missions de celui-ci en Italie et en Russie. Il devient chef du cabinet de Jules Destrée, devenu ministre des Sciences et des Arts de Belgique, entre novembre 1919 et novembre 1921. Il poursuit en parallèle une activité littéraire et journalistique. Entre 1920 et 1923, il dirige ainsi la rubrique de politique étrangère de La Nation belge et est président de l’Union de la Presse étrangère de Belgique de 1921 à 1923. Il dirige le service artistique, littéraire et théâtral du journal Le Soir, auquel il collabore sous le pseudonyme de Casimir. Il enseigne également l’histoire de l’art et des civilisations à l’Institut supérieur des Beaux-Arts d’Anvers et est l’auteur d’un ouvrage sur La Sculpture wallonne (1914). Élu membre de l'Académie royale de Belgique en 1956, il décède l’année suivante.

A l’automne 1924, Jules Destrée songe à créer une Section de Presse au sein de l’IICI, et envisage de placer son collaborateur Richard Dupierreux à ce poste. Celui-ci devient chef de la Section des Relations artistiques en novembre 1925. Il démissionne de ce poste en décembre 1929. Durant cette période, il est secrétaire de la Commission nationale belge de Coopération intellectuelle, qui avait été fondée à l’initiative de Jules Destrée en 1922. Richard Dupierreux prend également part aux travaux de l’Office international des Musées (OIM) : il est membre du comité réduit en charge des premières mesures d’organisation de l’OIM, à l’automne 1926, aux côtés de Jules Destrée, Henri Focillon, Julien Luchaire, George Oprescu et Hélène Vacaresco. Entre 1927-1929, il assume les fonctions de coordinateur et d’administrateur de l’OIM, puis cède le pas à Euripide Foundoukidis, qui obtient le poste de secrétaire général de l’organisation en 1931. En 1937, Richard Dupierreux participe à l'organisation de la venue de la Commission belge de Coopération intellectuelle à Paris (avec Marcel Nyns, secrétaire général de l'Instruction publique belge, et Paul Hymans, président de la Commission belge), pour la 2e Conférence des Commissions nationales de Coopération intellectuelle organisée par l'IICI.

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